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Moralfilosofi och metaetik > PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Learning > Flashcards

PSYD13 Delkurs 1 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring and adaptive change in an organism’s capacity for behaviour

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2
Q

Habituation?

A

A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus, i.e. less synapses between sensory and motor neuron = decrease in strength of response

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3
Q

Sensitisation?

A

An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus, i.e. more synapses between sensory and motor neuron

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4
Q

Classical conditioning?

A

An organism learns to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (the UCR) without prior learning

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6
Q

Unconditioned response (UHR)?

A

A reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A

A stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

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8
Q

Conditioned response (CR)?

A

A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is the acquisition phase in classical conditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus, i.e. where the organism learns to associate the CS with the UCS

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10
Q

What is the extinction phase in classical conditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus alone - over time the CR decreases in intensity (ex, drops of salvia with pavlov’s dogs)

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11
Q

What is the first spontaneous recovery phase?

A

Still the CS alone, however because of the 24h rest between extinction and this phase, there is initially an increase in the CR intensity, however it decreases over time

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12
Q

What is the second spontaneous recovery phase?

A

After another 24h after the first recovery phase, the organism is exposed to the CS again, however there is now a low intensity in CR

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13
Q

Stimulus generalisation?

A

Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR

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14
Q

Stimulus discrimination?

A

When a CR occurs to one stimulus but not to others

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15
Q

Higher-order conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

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16
Q

Explain exposure therapies with classical conditioning

A

A patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that aroused an anxiety response without the presence of the UCS, allowing extinction to occur

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17
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

It attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS

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18
Q

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV)?

A

When you become nauseated and may vomit anywhere from minutes to hours before a treatment session (ex. cancer treatment + hospital)

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19
Q

How can you use classical conditioning to trigger a reduced immune response?

A

Sweet water + drug (UCS) -> immune suppression (UCR) —-> sweet water = CS and immune suppression = CR

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20
Q

What is Thorndike’s Law of effect? (Instrumental learning)

A

In a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur

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21
Q

With is operant conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences that follow it

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22
Q

Skinner box?

A

A special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally (with rats and buttons)

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23
Q

Reinforcement?

A

Is when a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it, can either be positive or negative

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24
Q

Punishment?

A

Occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it, can either be positive or negative

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25
Q

Discriminative stimulus?

A

Signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences, ex. the light in the skinner box

26
Q

Primary reinforcers?

A

Stimuli, such as food and water, that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

27
Q

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers?

A

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers

28
Q

Operant extinction?

A

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

29
Q

Aversive punishment?

A

= same as positive punishment, ex. hitting a child:(

30
Q

Response cost?

A

= same as negative punishment, ex. taking away a kids xbox

31
Q

What is shaping?

A

i.e. methods of successive approximations, involves reinforcing successive approximations towards a final response, ex. learning a dog a complicated trick

32
Q

What is chaining (in relation to shaping)?

A

Used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response

33
Q

Operant generalisation?

A

An operant response to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one

34
Q

Operant discrimination?

A

An operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another

35
Q

Stimulus control?

A

A behaviour that is influenced by discriminative stimuli is said to be under stimulus control, ex a police siren when driving a car

36
Q

Schedules of reinforcement?

A

When reinforcement comes in different patterns and frequencies -> we create schemas of behaviour/what to expect

37
Q

Continuous reinforcement?

A

Every response of a particular type is reinforced

38
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

A

Only a portion of the responses of a particular type is reinforced

39
Q

Ratio schedule?

A

A certain % of responses are reinforced

40
Q

Interval schedule?

A

A certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements

41
Q

Fixed schedule?

A

Reinforcement always occurs after a fixed time interval

42
Q

Variable schedule?

A

The required number of responses, or the time interval between them, varies at random

43
Q

Escape conditioning?

A

The organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus

44
Q

Avoidance conditioning?

A

The organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

45
Q

Two-factor theory of avoidance learning?

A

Both classical and operant conditioning are involved in avoidance learning (classical -> fear, avoiding the fear = negative reinforcement

46
Q

Relational Frame Theory (RTF)

A

Posits that we learn language through interactions with the environment. The post-Skinnerian and behaviourist approach identifies principles that are useful in cognitive interventions such as acceptance and commitment therapy

47
Q

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)?

A

An approach where clients are taught to notice, accept and embrace their thoughts and feelings

48
Q

What does preparedness refer to?

A

Through evolution, animals are biologically pre-wired to learn some associations more easily than others

49
Q

Conditioned taste aversion?

A

A conditioned response to which the taste (and sometimes sight and smell) of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive

50
Q

How is the phenomenon insight a problem for behaviorism?

A

Insight = cognitive function, if monkey learns something by insight, behaviourists cannot explain it

51
Q

Cognitive map?

A

A mental representation of the spatial layout, ex. rats learn a cognitive map, which is hard to explain by reinforcement

52
Q

Latent learning?

A

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform - an argument against behaviourism

53
Q

What is the expectancy model?

A

A theory that states that classical conditioning creates expectation in the organism, and it is the expectation that actually elicits the CR.

54
Q

Blocking?

A

Obstruction of conditioning of CR, because that response has already been conditioned to a different stimulus, ex.

55
Q

Rescorla-Wagner theory?

A

A theory of classical conditioning which states the the strength of conditioning is determined by how surprising the UCS is

56
Q

Latent inhibition?

A

The weakening of classical conditioning due to the prior presentation of the CS on its own

57
Q

Attentional theories of classical conditioning?

A

State that the strength of conditioning is determined by how much attention is paid to the CS during the learning episode

58
Q

Observational learning?

A

Learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

59
Q

Bandura’s Social-cognitive theory?

A

= social-learning theory = emphasises that people learn by observing the behaviour of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to influence events in their lives

60
Q

Self-efficacy?

A

People’s belief that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome

61
Q

Neural network (connectionist) models?

A

Each memory is represented by a unique pattern of interconnected and simultaneously activated nodes

62
Q
A

Moralfilosofi och metaetik (12 decks)

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