Psychosocial Theories and Therapies Flashcards
Who developed the Psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
Believes all human behavior is caused and can be explained
-Repressed sexual impulses, desires as motivation for behavior
What are the three personality components developed by Freud?
Id
Ego
Superego
Id
Innate desires
Pleasure seeking
Aggression
Sexual impulses
Ego
Balancing/mediating force b/t in the Id and Superego
Mature adaptive behavior
Superego
Moral and ethical values
Parental
Ego Defense Mechanisms
methods of attempting to protect the self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings, or events
Compensation
overachievement in one area to offset real or perceived deficiencies in another area
Denial
failure to acknowledge an unbearable condition; failure to admit the reality of a situation
Displacement
ventilation of intense feelings towards persons less threatening than the one who aroused those feelings
Identification
modeling actions and opinions of influential others while searching for identity or aspiring to reach a personal, social, or occupational goal
Intellectualization
Separation of the emotions of a painful event or situation from the facts involved; acknowledging the facts and not the emotions
Projection
unconscious blaming of unacceptable inclinations or thoughts on an external object
Rationalization
Excusing own behavior to avoid guilt, responsibility, conflict, anxiety, or loss of self-respect
Regression
moving back to a previous developmental stage to feel safe or have needs met
Repression
Excluding emotionally painful or anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings from conscious awareness
What are the Psychosexual stages of development?
Oral Anal Phallic/oedipal Latency Genital
Transference
when the client displaces into the therapist attitudes and feelings that the client originally experienced in other relationships
Countertransference
Occurs when the therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his or her past
Psychoanalysis
focus on discovering causes of patient’s unconscious, repressed thoughts, feelings, conflicts, related to anxiety
-dream analysis
Who came up with the 8 stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust (infant)
Hope
viewing the world as safe and reliable
relationships nurturing, stable, and dependable
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (toddler)
Will
Achieving a sense of control and free will
Initiative vs Guilt (preschool)
Purpose
Beginning development of conscience
Learning to manage conflict and anxiety
Industry vs Inferiority (school age)
Competence
Emerging confidence in own abilities
Taking pleasure in accomplishments
Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescence)
Fidelity
Formulating sense of self and belonging
Intimacy vs Isolation (young adult)
Love
Forming adult, loving relationships and meaningful attachments to others
Generativity vs stagnation (middle adult)
Care
Being creative and productive; establishing the next generation
Ego Integrity vs Despair (maturity)
Wisdom
Accepting responsibility for one’s self and life
Jean Piaget’s four stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations
Who developed the theory of the therapeutic nurse-client relationship?
Hildegard Peplau
Therapeutic Nurse-Patient Relationship Four Stages
Orientation Phase
Identification Phase
Exploitation Phase
Resolution Phase
Roles of the Nurse in Therapeutic Relationships
Stranger Resource Teacher Leader Surrogate Counselor
Four Levels of Anxiety
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Panic
Mild Anxiety
positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems
Moderate Anxiety
decreased perceptual field; focused on immediate task only; person can learn new behavior and solve problems only with assistance
Severe Anxiety
involves feelings of dread or terror; can not be redirected to a task; he or she focuses only on scattered details and has physiological symptoms
Panic Anxiety
involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness
Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs?
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs (bottom to top)
- Physiological needs (food, water, sleep, etc.)
- Safety and Security (protection, freedom)
- Love and Belonging (relationships)
- Esteem needs (self-respect and esteem from others)
- Self-actualization
Self-actualization
a person who has achieved all the needs in the hierarchy and has developed his or her fullest potential in life
Behaviorism
focuses on behaviors and what one can do externally to bring about behavior changes
Who developed Client-centered therapy?
Carl Rodgers
First one
Existential Theory
Deviations occur when person is out of touch with self or environment
Goal to return person to authentic sense of self
Cognitive Therapy
focus on immediate thought processing
Used by most existential therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Fredrick Peris
Emphases on self awareness
Identification on thoughts and feelings in the here and now
Reality Therapy
William Glasser
focus on person’s behavior and how that behavior keeps a person from achieving life goals
Four Stages of Crisis
- Exposure to stressure
- Increased anxiety when usual coping ineffective
- Increased efforts to cope
- Disequilibrium, significant distress
Categories of Crisis
Maturation (developmental) Crisis
Situational Crisis
Adventitious (social) Crisis
Maturational/Developmental Crisis
normal predictable life events
Situational Crisis
unanticipated or sudden events
Adventitious/Social Crisis
natural disasters, floods, earthquakes
How long does a short term crisis last?
4-6 weeks
What are some outcomes of a crisis?
resolution to functioning at precise level, higher level, or lower level
Community Mental Health Treatment
clients continue to work and are able to stay connected with friends, family, and other support systems
Direct Interventions
assess health status, promote problem solving
Supportive Interventions
deal with a person’s needs for empathetic understanding
What is the last resort for treatment?
Hospitalization
Hospital (inpatient) Treatment Indications
severe depression/suicidal
severe psychosis
alcohol or drug withdrawal
behaviors requiring close supervision in a safe, supportive environment
Individual Psychotherapy
bringing about change in a person by exploring his or her feelings, attitudes, thinking, and behavior
-one-on-one
Group and Group Therapy
Therapist or leader and group of clients sharing common purpose
Formal Leader
usually for therapy or education groups
Informal Leader
usually for support or self-help groups
Psychiatric Rehabilitation
services to patients with persistent, severe mental illness in the community
-community support services/programs
