Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nursing > Musculoskeletal DISORDERS > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal DISORDERS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

Musculoskeletal Disorders

A

affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of lower back pain?

A
  • overactivity
  • poor body mechanics
  • obesity
  • muscle strain
  • bulging vertebral disc
  • compression of sciatic nerve
  • vertebral disc degeneration
  • osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the best way to diagnose lower back pain?

A

Signs and Symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When is lower back pain considered acute?

A

< 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is lower back pain considered chronic?

A

> 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What s/s are used to diagnose lower back pain?

A
  • localized pain
  • sciatica/radiculopathy
  • muscle spasms
  • paresthesia
  • weakness
  • abnormal reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sciatica

A

pain radiating through sciatic nerve from the back, through the buttocks, and down the leg
-from a pinched nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When are diagnostic exams used for lower back pain?

A

after 3-4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What diagnostic exams may be used for lower back pain?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • bone scan
  • EMG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What will an x-ray show?

A

fractures, dislocations, degeneration, and deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CT Scan

A

ruptured disc, spinal stenosis, vertebral damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MRI

A

nerve/tissue/muscle/ligament damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bone Scan

A

infections, bone tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

EMG

A

problems with spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What conservative treatments are used for lower back pain?

A
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Physical therapy
  • Pain meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What pain medications are used for lower back pain?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Muscle relaxers
  • Topical Analgesics
  • Narcotics
  • Epidural Steroid injections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Epidural Steroid Injections

A

injection of a steroid around the membranous sac covering the spine to reduce inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How often may an epidural steroid injection be given?

A

3 within a 6 month period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some side effects of epidural steroid injections?

A
  • spinal headache, bleeding, or nerve damage

- may cause a weakening of spinal bones and closely related muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How should a person with lower back pain get out of bed?

A

Roll, keeping the back straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are two ways a person with lower back pain may lay down?

A
  • lateral lying “curled” position

- using pillows while on back to elevate head 30 degrees and help flex the knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What should you tell the patient with lower back pain about resuming activities?

A
  • resume slowly as pain decreases
  • avoid activities w/ excessive strain on back
  • reduce weight if needed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When may a person with lower back pain require surgery?

A
  • if pain becomes severe
  • lasts longer than 6-12 weeks
  • ability to function is affected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Micro-discectomy

A

relieves the pressure on the spinal nerve root by removing the material causing the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Laminectomy

A

removal of a small portion of the bone over the nerve root/disc material form under the nerve root to give it more space and relieve compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What should you educate the patient on after lower back pain surgery?

A
  • Use straight back chairs
  • NO stomach lying
  • NO bending, lifting, or twisting for 6 weeks
  • NO driving until off meds
  • NO stairs for 1 week post op and then w/ assistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursae

-fluid filled sac b/t bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ligaments

A

bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tendons

A

muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tendinitis

A

inflammation of the tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What would a patient with tendinitis/bursitis complain of?

A

tenderness, warmth, erythema, and burning pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What would help with tendinitis/bursitis?

A
  • rest
  • ice then heat
  • corticosteroid injections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Impingement Syndrome (rotator cuff tendinitis)

A
  • shoulder aches
  • pain w/ positioning/movement
  • limited mobility
  • muscle spasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What can be done for a patient w/ impingement syndrome?

A
  • Rest/support affected shoulder
  • Ice then heat
  • Physical therapy
  • Slow resumption of activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

pain in the nerves from repetitive motion in the hands and wrists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel?

A

pain, numbness, paresthesia, and weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel?

A

Phalen’s Test and Tinel’s Sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Phalen’s Test

A
  • Most common

- Have patient put backs of the hands together and if symptoms appear after 60 seconds the test is positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Tinel’s Sign

A
  • Very serious stage

- Tap on the nerve and symptoms occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some conservative treatment options for carpal tunnel?

A
  • wrist splints
  • reduction of movements
  • NSAIDs
  • corticosteroid injections
41
Q

If conservative treatment fails what is the next step for treating carpal tunnel?

A

Surgery to release the pressure on the nerve by cutting the transverse carpal ligament

42
Q

What would you tell the patient after carpal tunnel surgery?

A
  • use of wrist splints
  • physical therapy
  • limited use of the affected hand/ wrist 6-8 weeks
43
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A
  • typically asymptomatic fluid filled sacs

- many resolve without treatment

44
Q

What may a patient experience with a ganglion cyst?

A

Localized tenderness that occurs w/ extreme wrist movements

45
Q

What can be done for a ganglion cyst if pain continues or it begins to cause problems?

A
  • aspiration of cyst
  • corticosteroid injections
  • removal of cyst surgically
46
Q

What can cause a bunion to develop?

A

Improper footwear

47
Q

Symptoms of bunions

A

Pain

48
Q

Treatment for bunions

A
  • proper footwear
  • bunionectomy
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
49
Q

What are some complication of a bunionectomy?

A
  • paresthesia

- limited ROM

50
Q

Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms

A

-heel pain that is worse in the morning or when first standing after sitting for long periods

51
Q

Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis

A
  • physical therapy
  • gentle stretching
  • weight loss
  • night splints
  • custom shoe inserts
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories
52
Q

Morton’s Neuroma

A

thickening of tissues around the nerves of the toes

53
Q

Morton’s Neuroma Symptoms

A
  • pain
  • tingling
  • burning
  • numbness
  • *feels as if there is a rock in their shoe
54
Q

Treatment for Morton’s Neuroma

A
  • metatarsal padding
  • orthotics
  • ice and then heat
  • rest
  • NSAIDs
  • cortisone injections
  • local anesthetics
  • neurectomy
55
Q

Complication of a Neurectomy

A

can cause numbness where the nerve was

56
Q

What should the nurse do for upper and lower extremities?

A
  • Neurovascular checks q 1-2 hrs
  • Assess for increasing edema
  • Relieve pain
  • Assist w/ ADL’s
  • Assistive devices
  • Safety
  • S/S infection and compromise perfusion
57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones become weakened secondary to a decrease in bone tissue and density

58
Q

Primary Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

A
  • age (50+)
  • gender (female)
  • race
  • familial history
  • dietary
  • lifestyle
59
Q

Secondary Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

A
  • prolonged corticosteroid therapy
  • antiepileptic medications
  • heparin therapy
  • thyroid medications
  • disease processes
60
Q

Acronym for Osteoporosis Risk Factors

A 
A- alcohol use
C- corticosteroid use
C- calcium low 
E- estrogen low
S- smoking
S- sedentary lifestyle
61
Q

Are there symptoms used to identify osteoporosis?

A

NO there are generally NO warning signs

62
Q

When is a diagnosis typically made for osteoporosis?

A

often after a fracture occurs

63
Q

Where do fractures typically occur in patients with osteoporosis?

A

spine, hip, and distal radius

64
Q

Vertebral Collapse

A

vertebrae collapse on one another causing a reduction in height

65
Q

Kyphosis or Dowager’s Hump

A

hump in the upper back (spine deformity) from compressed vertebrae

66
Q

Diagnostic test for osteoporosis

A

Bone Density Scan/DEXA scan
-results in a T-score
Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX)

67
Q

T-Score

A
  • Normal < 1
  • Low Bone Mass 1-2.5
  • Osteoporosis > 2.5
68
Q

FRAX

A

Assesses the patient for a 10 year risk for the development of fractures using clinical risk factors

69
Q

Treatment for Osteoporosis

A
  • Weight loss, avoid smoking/alcohol, improve diet
  • Muscle strengthening, calcium/vitamin D
  • Appropriate diagnosis, meds
70
Q

Medications for Osteoporosis

A
  • Oral Biophosphates (Fosamax, Actonel)
  • Calcitonin
  • Estrogen
71
Q

What MUST you do for biophosphates?

A
  • Take on an empty stomach first thing in the morning w/ a full glass of water
  • Remain upright for 30-60 minutes after
  • side effects: diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, renal toxicity
72
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • may be given IM or Sub Q

- Nasal spray if going home: alternate nares w/ each dose once a day

73
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Lowest dose for the shortest amount of time

- Risk of stroke, DVT, breast cancer

74
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Bone is rebuilt at an accelerated rate, resulting in structural abnormalities of the bone
-Usually asymptomatic

75
Q

What bones are most commonly affected by Paget’s Disease?

A

skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and spine

76
Q

When is a diagnosis made for Pagett’s?

A

after a fracture

77
Q

What S/S may occur w/ severe pain and visible deformities?

A
  • bow legged
  • knock kneed
  • headaches/increase in head size
  • pain/warmth over affected bone
78
Q

Complications of Pagett’s Disease

A
  • Enlarged skull: dental probs, deafness, neuro probs
  • Weakened bones
  • Bone tumors (osteosarcoma)
  • Affected bones have extra blood vessels requiring additional blood flow (cardiac issues)
79
Q

What is used to diagnose Pagett’s?

A
  • previous fractures in common areas
  • pain
  • deformities
  • familial history
  • lab work
80
Q

What lab work is done for Pagett’s?

A
  • Elevated serum alkaline phosphate levels w/ normal calcium levels
  • Bone scan
  • X-rays/CT Scan
81
Q

Treatment for Pagett’s

A
  • NSAID’s (ibuprofen)
  • Opioids (Percocet, Dilaudid)
  • Calcitonin
  • Oral Biophosphates (Fosamax, Actonel)
  • IV Biophosphates (Reclast)
82
Q

Fosamax

A

can be taken 6 months on and 6 months off

83
Q

Actonel

A

2 months on and 2 months off

84
Q

Reclast

A
  • 1 time and last for 6 years

- side effects: hypocalcemia and renal toxicity

85
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection of the bone

  • Endogenous- spread from one area of the body to the bone via blood
  • Exogenous- result of open fracture or other bone trauma
86
Q

Acute S/S of Osteomyelitis

A
  • pain over affected bone
  • swelling
  • warmth/tenderness
  • fever/chills
  • nausea
  • NOT “feeling well”
87
Q

Chronic S/S of Osteomyelitis?

A
  • constant pain

- Warmth, swelling, tenderness at site

88
Q

Complications of Osteomyelitis

A
  • Sepsis
  • Amputation
  • Death
89
Q

What lab tests are used for Osteomyelitis?

A
  • CBC- elevated WBC
  • ESR (SED rate)- inflammatory response
  • CRP (C-reactive proteins)- inflammatory response in acute phase
  • Blood Cultures
90
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for osteomyelitis?

A
  • X-ray
  • Bone biopsy
  • Bone Scan
  • MRI
  • CT Scan
91
Q

How can you prevent Osteomyelitis?

A
  • postpone elective orthopedic surgeries if infection is present or has been present in the last 4 weeks
  • Prophylactic antibiotic use
  • Controlling outside factors
92
Q

Treatment for Osteomyelitis

A
  • IV antibiotics sensitive to bacteria causing infection (4-6 weeks)
  • Pain meds
  • High protein diet
  • Nutritional Supplements
93
Q

When would surgery be required for Osteomyelitis?

A

Antibiotic therapy is unsuccessful/soft tissue involvement

-Infected orthopedic hardware

94
Q

What surgeries may be used for Osteomyelitis?

A
  • Surgical Debridement

- Amputation

95
Q

Septic Arthritis

A

Infection of a joint

  • inappropriate treatment may lead to death or permanent damage
  • Result of secondary infection, trauma, or surgery
96
Q

S/S of Septic Arthritis

A
  • warm, painful, swollen joint
  • decrease ROM
  • chills/fever
  • increased WBC’s
97
Q

How is Septic Arthritis Diagnosed?

A
  • S/S
  • Lab Work: cultures, CBC, ESR/C-Reactive
  • Diagnostic Exams: Aspiration of fluid, CT/MRI
98
Q

Treatment for Septic Arthritis

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics
  • Removal of excess fluid
  • Immobilize
  • Limit weight bearing
  • ROM exercise

Nursing (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions