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Nursing > Neuro Theories & Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Neuro Theories & Psychopharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances to facilitate neurotransmission

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2
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Glutamate

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

complex movement
motivation
cognition
regulation of emotional response

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4
Q

Norepinephrine

A

attention, learning, memory
sleep, wakefulness
mood regulation

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5
Q

Epinephrine

A

fight or flight response

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6
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin

GABA

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7
Q

Serotonin

A

food intake, sleep, wakefulness, temperature, pain control, sexual behaviors, mood

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8
Q

GABA

A

modulation of other neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Excitatory or Inhibitory

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Acetylcholine

A

sleep and wakefulness cycle-signals muscles to become alert

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11
Q

Histamine

A

neuromodulator

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12
Q

Neurobiologic Causes

A

Genetics and Heredity
Psychoimmunology
Infections

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13
Q

Genetics and Heredity

A

Play a role, but is NOT solely genetic

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14
Q

Psychoimmunology

A

compromised immunity system possible contributes, especially in “at risk” populations

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15
Q

Infections

A

particularly viruses during fetal development

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16
Q

Psychotropic Drugs

A 
Antipsychotic
Antidepressants
Mood stabilizers 
Anxiolytics 
Stimulants
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17
Q

Efficacy

A

the maximal therapeutic effect a drug can achieve

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18
Q

Potency

A

the amount of the drug needed to achieve the maximum effect

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19
Q

Off-Label Use

A

a drug will prove effective for a disease that differs from the one involved in original testing and FDA approval

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20
Q

Black Box Warning

A

label the FDA will issue if a drug is found to have serious or life threatening side effects, even of the side effects are rare

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21
Q

How is a medication selected?

A

Based on the effect on the client’s target symptoms

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22
Q

Should older adults start out with a higher dosage or a lower dosage?

A

lower

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23
Q

Should psychotropic drugs be stopped abruptly or slowly tapered off?

A

Tapering rather than abruptly to avoid rebound or withdrawal

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24
Q

Rebound

A

temporary return of symptoms

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25
Q

Withdrawal

A

new symptoms resulting from discontinuation of the drug

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26
Q

What is essential for ensuring compliance with the medication regime?

A

Follow-up care

27
Q

What may increase compliance with the medication regime?

A

Simple regime

28
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

used to treat psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors

29
Q

Antipsychotic Agents-Neuroleptics

A

Typical, First Generation or Conventional
Atypical Second Generation
Third Generation

30
Q

First Generation Antipsychotics

A 
Thorazine 
Fluphenazine 
Thioridazine 
Haloperidol 
Loxapine
31
Q

Second Generation Antipsychotics

A

Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine

32
Q

Third Generation Antipsychotic

A

Dopamine System Stabilizers

Aripiprazole = Abilify

33
Q

Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS)

A

serious neurologic symptoms are the major side effects of antipsychotic drugs
-acute dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathsia

34
Q

Acute Dystonia

A

acute muscular rigidity and cramping, stiff neck or thick tongue with difficulty swallowing, and in severe cases laryngospasms abd respiratory difficulties

35
Q

Torticollis

A

twisted head and neck from spasms or stiffness in muscle groups

36
Q

Opisthotonus

A

tightness in the entire body with head back and an arched neck

37
Q

Oculogyric crisis

A

eyes rolled back in locked position

38
Q

Pseudoparkinsonism

A

stooped posture, mask like faces, shuffling gate

39
Q

Akathisia

A

restlessness, anxiety, agitation

40
Q

What is the treatment for EPS?

A

Anticholinergic drugs or diphenhydramine

41
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A

rigidity, high fever, unstable elevated BP, diaphoresis, delirium

42
Q

Treatment for NMS

A

immediate D/C of antipsychotic

Supportive medical care to treat dehydration and hyperthermia

43
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

irreversible involuntary movement

44
Q

Anticholinergic Effects

A

Dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy, or retention

45
Q

Treatment for Anticholinergic Side Effects

A

sugar free hard candies and gum, adequate fluids, increase fiber/stool softeners

46
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

cluster of conditions that increase the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke

47
Q

How is Metabolic Syndrome diagnosed?

A

When 3 or more of the following are present:

Obesity, increased BP, high cholesterol, high blood sugar

48
Q

Antidepressants

A

used in the treatment of major depressive illness, anxiety disorders, depressed phase bipolar disorder, psychotic depression

49
Q

What are the four groups of Antidepressants?

A

Tricyclic and related cycle antidepressants (TCAs)
MAO Inhibitors
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

50
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A

Nardil (phenelzine)
Parnate (tranylcypromine)
Marplan (isocarboxazid)

51
Q

What is the preferred drug for clients at high risk for suicide?

A

SSRI’s

52
Q

Side Effects of SSRI’s

A

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, WEIGHT GAIN

anxiety, agitation, akathisia, nausea, insomnia

53
Q

TCA’s Side Effects

A

Anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, weight gain, tachycardia, sexual dysfunction

54
Q

MAOI’s Side Effects

A

DAYTIME SEDATION, insomnia, weight gain, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS

55
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

happens with foods containing tyramine

severe hypertension, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, daiphoresis, tremors, cardiac dysrhythmias

56
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

Mix of taking MAOI + SSRI

agitation, sweating, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, death

57
Q

What time of the day should you take an SSRI?

A

first thing in the morning

58
Q

When should you take a TCA?

A

at night

59
Q

What is the gold standard for mood stabilizing drugs?

A

Lithium

60
Q

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

A

treatment of bipolar disorder

61
Q

Lithium Side Effects

A

nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, METALLIC TASTE, fatigue, WEIGHT GAIN
Toxic Dose = severe diarrhea, N/V, weakness, lack of coordination

62
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A

treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders

insomnia, OCD, depression, PTSD, alcohol withdrawal

63
Q

Most common Antianxiety Drug

A

Benzodiazepines

64
Q

Benzodiazepine Side Effects

A

physical, psychological dependance
CNS depression
Hangover Effect
Tolerance

Nursing (21 decks)

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