Neuro Theories & Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

chemical substances to facilitate neurotransmission

Question 2

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Glutamate

Question 3

Dopamine

Answer 3

complex movement
motivation
cognition
regulation of emotional response

Question 4

Norepinephrine

Answer 4

attention, learning, memory
sleep, wakefulness
mood regulation

Question 5

Epinephrine

Answer 5

fight or flight response

Question 6

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Answer 6

Serotonin

GABA

Question 7

Serotonin

Answer 7

food intake, sleep, wakefulness, temperature, pain control, sexual behaviors, mood

Question 8

GABA

Answer 8

modulation of other neurotransmitters

Question 9

Excitatory or Inhibitory

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

Acetylcholine

Answer 10

sleep and wakefulness cycle-signals muscles to become alert

Question 11

Histamine

Answer 11

neuromodulator

Question 12

Neurobiologic Causes

Answer 12

Genetics and Heredity
Psychoimmunology
Infections

Question 13

Genetics and Heredity

Answer 13

Play a role, but is NOT solely genetic

Question 14

Psychoimmunology

Answer 14

compromised immunity system possible contributes, especially in “at risk” populations

Question 15

Infections

Answer 15

particularly viruses during fetal development

Question 16

Psychotropic Drugs

Answer 16

Antipsychotic
Antidepressants
Mood stabilizers 
Anxiolytics 
Stimulants

Question 17

Efficacy

Answer 17

the maximal therapeutic effect a drug can achieve

Question 18

Potency

Answer 18

the amount of the drug needed to achieve the maximum effect

Question 19

Off-Label Use

Answer 19

a drug will prove effective for a disease that differs from the one involved in original testing and FDA approval

Question 20

Black Box Warning

Answer 20

label the FDA will issue if a drug is found to have serious or life threatening side effects, even of the side effects are rare

Question 21

How is a medication selected?

Answer 21

Based on the effect on the client’s target symptoms

Question 22

Should older adults start out with a higher dosage or a lower dosage?

Answer 22

lower

Question 23

Should psychotropic drugs be stopped abruptly or slowly tapered off?

Answer 23

Tapering rather than abruptly to avoid rebound or withdrawal

Question 24

Rebound

Answer 24

temporary return of symptoms

Question 25

Withdrawal

Answer 25

new symptoms resulting from discontinuation of the drug

Question 26

What is essential for ensuring compliance with the medication regime?

Answer 26

Follow-up care

Question 27

What may increase compliance with the medication regime?

Answer 27

Simple regime

Question 28

Antipsychotic Drugs

Answer 28

used to treat psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors

Question 29

Antipsychotic Agents-Neuroleptics

Answer 29

Typical, First Generation or Conventional Atypical Second Generation Third Generation

Question 30

First Generation Antipsychotics

Answer 30

``` Thorazine Fluphenazine Thioridazine Haloperidol Loxapine ```

Question 31

Second Generation Antipsychotics

Answer 31

Clozapine Risperidone Olanzapine

Question 32

Third Generation Antipsychotic

Answer 32

Dopamine System Stabilizers | Aripiprazole = Abilify

Question 33

Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS)

Answer 33

serious neurologic symptoms are the major side effects of antipsychotic drugs -acute dystonia, pseudoparkinsonism, akathsia

Question 34

Acute Dystonia

Answer 34

acute muscular rigidity and cramping, stiff neck or thick tongue with difficulty swallowing, and in severe cases laryngospasms abd respiratory difficulties

Question 35

Torticollis

Answer 35

twisted head and neck from spasms or stiffness in muscle groups

Question 36

Opisthotonus

Answer 36

tightness in the entire body with head back and an arched neck

Question 37

Oculogyric crisis

Answer 37

eyes rolled back in locked position

Question 38

Pseudoparkinsonism

Answer 38

stooped posture, mask like faces, shuffling gate

Question 39

Akathisia

Answer 39

restlessness, anxiety, agitation

Question 40

What is the treatment for EPS?

Answer 40

Anticholinergic drugs or diphenhydramine

Question 41

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

Answer 41

rigidity, high fever, unstable elevated BP, diaphoresis, delirium

Question 42

Treatment for NMS

Answer 42

immediate D/C of antipsychotic | Supportive medical care to treat dehydration and hyperthermia

Question 43

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 43

irreversible involuntary movement

Question 44

Anticholinergic Effects

Answer 44

Dry mouth, constipation, urinary hesitancy, or retention

Question 45

Treatment for Anticholinergic Side Effects

Answer 45

sugar free hard candies and gum, adequate fluids, increase fiber/stool softeners

Question 46

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 46

cluster of conditions that increase the risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke

Question 47

How is Metabolic Syndrome diagnosed?

Answer 47

When 3 or more of the following are present: | Obesity, increased BP, high cholesterol, high blood sugar

Question 48

Antidepressants

Answer 48

used in the treatment of major depressive illness, anxiety disorders, depressed phase bipolar disorder, psychotic depression

Question 49

What are the four groups of Antidepressants?

Answer 49

Tricyclic and related cycle antidepressants (TCAs) MAO Inhibitors Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Question 50

MAO Inhibitors

Answer 50

Nardil (phenelzine) Parnate (tranylcypromine) Marplan (isocarboxazid)

Question 51

What is the preferred drug for clients at high risk for suicide?

Answer 51

SSRI's

Question 52

Side Effects of SSRI's

Answer 52

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, WEIGHT GAIN | anxiety, agitation, akathisia, nausea, insomnia

Question 53

TCA's Side Effects

Answer 53

Anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension, sedation, weight gain, tachycardia, sexual dysfunction

Question 54

MAOI's Side Effects

Answer 54

DAYTIME SEDATION, insomnia, weight gain, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS

Question 55

Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 55

happens with foods containing tyramine | severe hypertension, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, daiphoresis, tremors, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 56

Serotonin Syndrome

Answer 56

Mix of taking MAOI + SSRI | agitation, sweating, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, coma, death

Question 57

What time of the day should you take an SSRI?

Answer 57

first thing in the morning

Question 58

When should you take a TCA?

Answer 58

at night

Question 59

What is the gold standard for mood stabilizing drugs?

Answer 59

Lithium

Question 60

Mood Stabilizing Drugs

Answer 60

treatment of bipolar disorder

Question 61

Lithium Side Effects

Answer 61

nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, METALLIC TASTE, fatigue, WEIGHT GAIN Toxic Dose = severe diarrhea, N/V, weakness, lack of coordination

Question 62

Antianxiety Drugs

Answer 62

treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders | insomnia, OCD, depression, PTSD, alcohol withdrawal

Question 63

Most common Antianxiety Drug

Answer 63

Benzodiazepines

Question 64

Benzodiazepine Side Effects

Answer 64

physical, psychological dependance CNS depression Hangover Effect Tolerance