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psychosocial problems Flashcards

1
Q

the mass media often ____________ adolescent problem behavior. the fact is:

A

exaggerate; most young people move through adolescence without serious issues

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2
Q

most adolescents experience _________ difficulties while only a few experience __________ problems.

A

normal, temporary

serious psychosocial

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3
Q

what are the 4 general principles of psychosocial problems during adolescence?

A
  1. most problems reflect transitory experimentation (may be risky)
  2. not all problems begin in adolescence
  3. most problems don’t persist into adulthood
  4. problems during adolescence are not caused by adolescence itself
    - serious psychosocial problem is a sign that smthg is wrong
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4
Q

what disorders typically begin during childhood and what appear during adolescence?

A

childhood
- anxiety disorders
- behavioural disorders

adolescence
- mood disorders
- substance abuse

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5
Q

what are the 3 broad categories of problems?

A
  1. substance abuse
  2. externalising disorders
  3. internalising disorders
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6
Q

define substance abuse

A

misuse of alcohol/drugs to a degree that causes problems in one’s life

  • alcohol
  • vaping
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7
Q

define externalising disorders

A

psychosocial problems that are turned outwards and manifested into behavioural problems

  • delinquency
  • aggression
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8
Q

define internalising disorders

A

psychosocial problems that are turned inward and manifested in emotional and cognitive distress

  • depression
  • anxiety
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9
Q

distinguish btwn externalising and internalising disorders.

A

externalising - psychosocial problems turned outward and manifested into behavioural problems

internalising - psychosocial problems turned inward and manifested into cogntiive and emotional distress

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10
Q

what are comorbid disorders

A

disorders co-occuring, more than 1 problem at the same time

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11
Q

which substance is the most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

A

alcohol

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12
Q

adolescents will experiment with (by order):
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. beer/wine
  2. cigs/hard liquor
  3. stronger drugs
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13
Q

what is the comorbidity of externalising problems?

A

those who demonstrate one type of behavioural problem (eg. aggression) often demonstrate another (eg. criminal behaviour)

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14
Q

3 views explaining comorbidity of externalising problems

A

1) problem behaviour syndrome
- unconventionality/abnormality in adolescents’ personality/envt

2) problems breed other problems

3) social control theory
- lack of strong bonds to societal institutions (family/work/school)

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15
Q

one reason explaining the comorbidity of externalising problems in adoelscents is the problem behaviour syndrome. what’s this?

A

unconventionality/abnormality in adolescent’s personality/environment

1) unconventional personality traits:
- tolerance of deviance
- unconnected to school/religious institutions
- highly liberal views

2) unconventional environments:
- in a place/group where people think and act the same way - normalise rebellion/rule-breaking

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16
Q

give 1 example of problem breeding problem

A

involvement with drugs and alcohol –> delinquency

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17
Q

what is the social control theory?

A
  • theory explaining comorbidity of externalising problems in adolescents (1 of the 3 views)
  • lack of strong bonds to societal institutions (family/work/school)
  • also explains why behaviour problems are more prevalent among poor, inner-city, minority youths
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18
Q

which of the 3 views explaining comorbidity of externalising problems in adolescents explains why behaviour problems are more prevalent among poor, inner-city, minority youths?

A

social control theory - lack of strong bonds to societal institutions (family/work/school)

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19
Q

give an example of comorbidity of internalising problems in adolescents.

A

depressed ones more likley to experience anxiety, panic and phobia compared to healthy ones

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20
Q

what is negative emotionality?

A
  • characterised by high levels of subjective distress
  • common underlying factor of various indicators of internalising problems
  • those high in negative emotionality more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety and distress
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21
Q

negative emotionality is characterised by what?

A

high levels of subjective distress

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22
Q

individuals high in negative emotionality more likely to suffer from what?

A

anxiety
depression
other symptoms of distress

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23
Q

what is anhedonia? what is this a risk factor of?

A
  • difficulty expressing positive emotions like joy
  • risk factor for depression
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24
Q

externalising and internalising problems stem from __________ and _____________factors.

A

biological; envt

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25
3 main categories of externalising problems
1. conduct disorder - repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behaviour 2. aggression - persistent behaviour that is done to intentionally hurt someone 3. juvenile offending
26
what is conduct disorder? is this an externalising or internalising problem?
repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behaviour externalising problem
27
what is ODD? which disorder isit related to?
Oppositional-defiant disorder - excessive nger, spite and stubbornness *common in children and adolescents related to conduct disorder externalising
28
what is ASPD?
Antisocial personality disorder - persistent disregard for society's rules and others' rights *common in adults shown signs of conduct disorder before 15 y/o externalising
29
examples of aggression, an externalising problem, are: they are either ________ (planned) or ___________ (unplanned). aggression usually ____________ over the course of adolescence.
examples: - physical fights - relational aggression (hurts people through relationships instead of physical) - intimidation instrumental (planned); reactive (unplanned) declines
30
define delinquency.
a type of juvenile offending - when adolescents break the law or get involved in criminal behavior
31
what are status offenses?
status offense - special type of delinquency, illegal for children/teens, not adults examples: Truancy Running away from home Underage drinking Breaking curfew Smoking cigarettes (underage)
32
what are the 2 types of juvenile offending?
1) delinquency/status offences 2) criminal behavior (tried in adult court)
33
what is the age-crime curve?
r/s btwn chronological age and offending
34
age-crime curve shows the r/s btwn _______ and _________. the onset of seious delinquency begins btwn ages ____ and ____, peaks in ____ and declines during ___________.
chronological age; offending 13; 16; late adolescence; young adulthood
35
3 types of antisocial behaviour
1. authority conflicts (stubbornness/rebelliousness) 2. covert antisocial behavior (not always detected by others) 3. overt antisocial behavior (aggression towards others)
36
one type of antisocial behavior is authority conflicts, aka stubbornness/rebelliousness. starts with: escalates to: progress to:
starts with: stubborn behaviour escalates to: defiance/disobedience progress to: serious authority problems (truancy/running away from home)
37
one type of antisocial behavior is covert antisocial behavior, misdeeds not detected by others. starts with: escalates to: progress to:
starts with: lying/stealing/shoplifting escalates to: property damage (vandalism) progress to: serious property crimes (burglary)
38
one type of antisocial behavior is overt antisocial behavior, aggression towards others. starts with: escalates to: progress to:
starts with: fighting/bullying escalates to: gang fighting progress to: violent criminal activity
39
overall violent crime rate has _____________, but age-crime curve has been __________ overtime and generally seen around the world.
fallen/declined stable
40
juvenile crime rates in US are ____ than they have been at any time in the past ___ years.
lower; 30
41
male arrests for violent offending have _______ considerably but female arrests have _________
dropped; remained/not changed much
42
what are the 2 types of offenders of antisocial behaviour?
1) life-course persistent offenders - during childhood and continue throughout adolescence and adulthood 2) adolescent-limited offenders - only during adolescence
43
describe life-course persistent offenders of antisocial behaviour
- demonstrates antisocial behavior during childhood, adolescence and adulthood - born with biological predispositions toward antisocial behaviour - tendency to suffer from hostile attributional bias (interret interactions with others as deliberately hostile)
44
describe adolescent-limited offenders of antisocial behaviour
- demonstrates antisocial behaviour during adolescence only - sensation-seeking during adolescence contributes to increased delinquency - main risk factors: poor parenting (poor monitoring) and association with antisocial peers
45
what are the main risk factors for adolescent-limited offenders of antisocial behaviour
poor parenting (poor monitoring) affiliation w antisocial peers
46
on internalising problems: although ____________ during early adolescence are commonlace, prolonged or intense sense of _____________ is not normal. __________ is the most significant internalising problem that has its onset in adolescence.
fluctuations in self-esteem; hopelessness or frustration depression
47
incidence of ________ disorders (eg. ________) increases drastically in adoelscence. incidence of _________ disorders increases most in childhood.
mood; depression anxiety
48
define depression
psychological disturbance characterised by: low self-esteem decreased motivation sadness difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities
49
4 types of symptoms of depression.
1) emotional - feeling sad 2) cognitive - pessimism, hopelessness 3) motivational - apathy (lack of enthusiasm), boredom 4) physical - loss of appetite - loss of energy - difficulty sleeping
50
due to increase in ________ events, depressed ____, depressive ________ and depressive __________ become more _________ over ___________.
stressful; mood; syndrome; disorder; common; adolescence
51
cognitive changes of adolescence permit _________, ___________ and ________ that often accompany depression.
introspection self-criticism rumination (repeatedly thinking about same negative thoughts without solutions)
52
prevalence of depressive feelings ________ during puberty.
increases
53
which stage of adolescence is the period with the highest risk of depressive disorders?
middle adolescence
54
diff btwn depressed mood depressive syndromes depressive disorder
depressed mood - feeling sad depressive syndromes - multiple symptoms of depression depressive disorder - meeting criteria for diagnosis
55
rates of depression among American adolescents have _________ substantially in recent years, especially among _______
increased; girls
56
describe sex diff in depression sex diff in rates of depression emerges in ____________ but declines in __________. before adolescence, ________ are slightly more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms than _______, but after puberty, it _________. talk about: self-consciousness stress rumination sensitivity
adolescence; early adulthood boys; girls; reverses self-consciousness - girls become more self-conscious about physical appearance stress - early adolescence is generally more stressful time for girls than boys due to more stressful life events and stressors rumination - girls more likely to react to stress by turning feelings inward and ruminating (co-ruminating w friends) sensitivity - girls more oriented toward and sensitive to interpersonal r/s, maybe due to higher lvls of oxytocin
57
girls more oriented toward and sensitive to interpersonal r/s, maybe due to __________
higher levels of oxytocin
58
what model explains the causes of depression
diathesis-stress model - problems are the results of interaction btwn preexisting condition (diathesis) and envt trigger (stress)
59
those without ________ (preexisting condition) are able to withstand a great deal of ________ (envt trigger) without developing psychological problems.
diathesis; stress
60
2 kinds of diathesis (preexisting condition)
genetic component - problematic patterns of neuroendocrine functioning cognitive style - more hopelessness, pessimism, self-blame
61
3 kinds of stress (envt trigger):
1) family: - high conflict - low cohesion - divorced homes 2) social factors: - unpopular - poor peer relations - bullying - depressed friends 3) adversity: - loss of parent - maltreatment - poverty
62
the most common trigger for the 1st episode of major depression in adolescence is ______
breakup of romantic r/s
63
what is suicidal ideation
thinking about ending one's life
64
what is NSSI? why?
nonsuicidal self-injury - deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal wats (eg. cutting/burning skin) to reduce feelings of tension, anger, anxiety or depression or to prompt feelings when none exist
65
suicidal thoughts and attempts among US adolescents, which has been ____________ are __________.
declining; increasing
66
what are some risk factors for suicide?
* psychiatric problem (depression, substance abuse) * family history of suicide * stress * victimized or bullied * Experiencing parental rejection, maltreatment, family disruption, or extensive family conflict
67
what is perimenstrual phase?
perimenstrual phase refers to the time just before and during menstruation typically the last 3–7 days of the menstrual cycle
68
risk of suicide attemps for girls may be greater during __________ phase.
perimenstrual - time just before and during menstruation, typically the last 3–7 days of the menstrual cycle
69
what is suicide contagion? _________ are more susceptible than _______ when it comes to suicide contagion, from sources like _________ and __________ of suicide. what has an impact on the likelihood that adolescents will copy the behaviour?
learning about others' suicide causes people to try to take their own lives teenagers; adults; fictionalised; news reports the way in which suicide victim is portrayed in the media
70
what are some stressors for adolescents?
major life changes - parental divorce - cahnge of schools - sudden serious illness of someone in the family chronically stressful conditions - poverty - disabling illness - constant family conflict day to day hassles - school exams - conflicts w friends n family
71
does stress always lead to negative outcomes? what is the quality involved?
no. resilience - ability to function competently in the face of adversity/stress
72
why are some adolescents more vulnerable to stress than others?
due to stressors, resources and strategies they possess 1. stressors - multiple stressors have greater impact than single ones (multiplicative) 2. resources - adolescents with internal and external resources are better at coping than those with one or none * external - social support * internal - high self-esteem, mindfulness, high intelligence, high self-efficacy, belief that people can change 3. strategies - using more effective coping strategies buffers effects of stress *primary control strategies - change stressor *secondary control strategies - adapt to stressor (especially when stressor is not changeable)
73
2 coping strategies are
primary ctrl strategies - change stressor secondary ctrl strategies - adapt to stressor (when cannot be changed)
74
what are internal and external resources adolescents can tap on when faced with stress?
* external - social support * internal - high self-esteem, mindfulness, high intelligence, high self-efficacy, belief that people can change

adolescence (10 decks)

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