autonomy Flashcards
what is independence
capacity to behave on your own
3 components of autonomy
behavioural - acting independently
independent decision-making abilities
emotional - feeling independently
independence in close r/s with others
cognitive - thinking independently
independent set of values and beliefs
behavioural - ______ independently
independent ________ abilities
emotional -______ independently
independence in ____________
cognitive - ________ independently
independent _____________
acting; decision-making
feeling; r/s with others
thinking; set of values, opinions and beliefs
autonomy is a ____________ concern that surfaces and _________ during the entire life cycle. it is resolved/not resolved once young adulthood is reached.
psychosocial; resurfaces
not resolved
why is autonomy an important issue in adolescence? (3 main points)
- puberty (changes in sexual/physical maturation)
- changes emotional r/s at home (puberty drives adolescents away from exclusive emotional dependence on family)
- changes in how much autonomy adults grant the adolescent - cognitive change
- can make independent choices
- can consider others’ perspectives, reason in more sophisticated ways, and foresee future consequences
- essential for developing system of values based on one’s own sense of right and wrong, not just on rules handed down by parents/authority figures - social roles
- changes in social roles and activities during adolescence
–> new positions that demand increasing responsibility and self-reliance (eg. having a job, driver’s license)
puberty (changes in sexual/physical maturation) causes change in how much autonomy is granted to adolescents via the change in emotional r/s at home. how does affect r/s at home?
puberty drives adolescents away from exclusive emotional dependence on family
By the end of adolescence, people are far less emotionally dependent on their parents than they were as children. How so?
Older Adolescents:
* No longer rush to parents when upset, worried, or needing help.
* Do not see parents as all-knowing or all powerful.
* Emotional energy is invested in relationships outside of the family (e.g., boyfriend).
* Are able to see and interact with parents as people, not just as their parents (e.g., parents can confide in their adolescent children or seek sympathy)
define detachment.
Adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures.
→ This process of separation occurs during early adolescence.
detachment occurs during _____ adolescence.
early
what is the psychoanalytic view on detachment? (anna freud, 1958)
Puberty causes disruption and conflicts in family system, increasing tension, arguments, and discomfort within family.
→ Normal, healthy, and inevitable.
Detachment is a result of tensions between family members: separate from parents emotionally and turn emotional energies to relationships with peers, especially the opposite sex.
Most families get along ______ during adolescence.
*Parents and adolescents may ______,
but this does not diminish ___________
Emotional autonomy can be achieved
without _________ from parents.
* It is a __________ (not a breaking
off) of family relationships
** this is not supported by research but good to know
well; bicker/fight; closeness
detaching; transformation
what is individuation?
The gradual, progressive sharpening of one’s sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one’s parents
individuation (peter blos, 1979):
begins during _______ and continues into ______
entails relinquishing ________ on parents in favor of more ______, more ______ and less _____ r/s
entails acceptance of ______ for their choices/actions
infancy; late adolescence
childish dependencies; mature; responsible; dependent
responsibilities
De-Idealization is?
- One of the first aspects of emotional autonomy
- The first sign of individuation
- Less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents.
- Able to see parents as individuals, not all-knowing or all-powerful.
describe the development of de-idealisation in adolescents
→ Develops much later — perhaps young adulthood
→ Develops much later in relationships with their fathers than with their mothers
why is it important to maintain a connection during adolescence in emotional autonomy development?
Development of emotional autonomy results in different psychological effects depending on the closeness of the parent-child relationship.
Adolescents who have both emotional autonomy and closeness with their parents (Separating from parents while maintaining emotional closeness) are psychologically healthier.
in terms of emotional autonomy development in adolescents, what is healthy and unhealthy transition?
Healthy Transition: Separating from parents while maintaining emotional closeness
Unhealthy Transition: Breaking away from parents through conflict and alienation
what 2 models triggers individuation?
1) Puberty
- Changes in adolescent’s appearance
- Changes in how adolescents view themselves - Changes in how parents view them
- Alters parent-adolescent interactions
2) Social-cognitive changes
- As they develop more sophisticated understandings of themselves and their parents, they become more autonomous.
how does puberty trigger individuation in adolescents?
Puberty
- Changes in adolescent’s appearance
- Changes in how adolescents view themselves - Changes in how parents view them
- Alters parent-adolescent interactions
how does change in social cognition trigger individuation in adolescents?
As they develop more sophisticated understandings of themselves and their parents, they become more autonomous.
match.
the process of individuation:
a) preadolescence
b) early/middle adolescence
c) late adolescence
characteristics:
1) More differentiated self-conceptions, see that their parents’ view may not be entirely correct
2) See that the discrepancies between self conceptions and their parents’ views are perfectly understandable.
3) Accept their parents’ views of themselves as accurate.
examples:
i) There are sides of me that my parents know and sides of me that they don’t.
ii) My parents think I am a good girl, so I must be.
iii) My parents think I am a good girl, but they don’t know what I am really like.
a3ii, b1iii, c2i
what does it mean when parents are being psychologically controlling during adolescents’ individuation process?
being intrusive/overprotective
- attempts to control adolescent’s emotions/opinions by:
1. withdrawing love or
2. making them feel guilty/ashamed
are parents also influenced by their teenagers?
yes
if parents impede the individuation process, what will happen?
adolescents more likely to show signs of psychological distress
what should parents do during the individuation process so that their adolescents have better mental health and are more likely to disclose information about their social lives?
provide support for their autonomy
what can psychologically controlling their adolescents during the individuation process lead to?
Difficulty individuating
depression
anxiety
aggression
feelings of incompetence and dependence
how does parenting relate to emotional autonomy?
during the _________ process, parents can either:
1.
2.
3.
these lead to:
1.
2.
3.
during the individuation process, parents can either:
1. impede process
2. provide support
3. assert psychological control
these lead to:
1. psychological distress
2. better mental health, more likely to disclose info about social lives to parents
3. difficulty individuating, depression, anxiety, aggression, feelings of incompetency and dependence
what are the 4 parenting styles?
- authoritative (friend, fair, firm)
- authoritarian (excessively harsh)
- indulgent (excessively lenient)
- indifferent (aloof, negligent)
what are the characteristics of the 4 parenting styles?
- authoritative (friend, fair, firm)
- “give-and-take”
- Flexible
- adequately explained standards and guidelines are easy to adjust and modify as the child matures - authoritarian (excessively harsh)
- See adolescent’s emotional independence as rebellious or disrespectful
- Resist adolescent’s growing need for independence - indulgent (excessively lenient)
- insifficient guidance, lack of strictness - indifferent (aloof, negligent)
- insifficient guidance
in terms of autonomy development, adolescents with authoritative parenting style will emerge as __________
Responsible
good self-esteem
positive mental health
Healthy development of emotional autonomy
in terms of autonomy development, adolescents with authoritarian parenting style will emerge as __________
Problematic due to lack of both closeness and support for autonomy
in terms of autonomy development, which parenting style(s) will cause adolescents to:
- Have difficulty complying with rules
- turn to peers (still young and inexperienced) for advice and emotional support
indulgent and indifferent
____ changes in adolescents lead to improved decision-making skills and thus increased ______ autonomy.
cognitive; behavioural
how do cognitive changes in adolescents contribute to improved decision-making skills?
1) ability to hold multiple viewpoints in mind simultaneously and to compare different perspectives –>
- better able to seek out and weigh advice of different experts
2) ability to have hypothetical thoughts –>
- more likely to consider both risks and rewards of choices
- more likely to weigh long-term consequences of choices
3) enhanced role-taking capabilities –>
- can consider someone’s opinion while understanding thier perspective
important improvements in decision-making abilities are linked to gains in ______________.
self-regulation
early adolescence and late adolescence are 2 ____, but _____ developments.
separate; related
in _____ adolescence, adolescents are more drawn to rewards (especially ____ rewards) than potential costs.
they tend to have hieghtened ____ and immature ________.
early; immediate
reward sensitivity; impulse control
in ____ adolescence, adolescents weigh rewards and costs evenly.
there is a decline in _________ and increase in _________.
late
decline in likelihood to favor decisions that emphasise short-term over long-term reward
increase in ability to control impulse
is it easy to determine when exactly can adolescents make legal decisions as well as adults can?
no
why is it difficult to determine when adolescents can make legal decisions as well as adults?
mature decision-making combines _____ and ___________ which develops at different times.
–> adolescents may _____ but _____
cognitive abilities (logical reasoning); emotional factors (impulse control)
think like adults; behave in a much more immature manner
as adolescents spend more time outside, what happens to the importance of opinions and advice of others?
become more important
adolescents turn to different people for advice in different situations. describe how in terms of peers and parents.
Peers: for short-term, day-to-day, social matters (e.g., styles of dress, taste in music, choices among leisure activities.)
Parents: for long-term questions (e.g., educational, occupational, religious, and ethical decisions.)
most peer pressure happens when?
absence of adults
conformity to peers is greater during which stages of adolescence?
early and middle (peaking at age 14)
the consequences of susceptibility to peer pressure depend on what?
who the peers are
** not all influence are bad
why is pressure to conform greater during early/middle adolescence? (3 reasons)
- Adolescent peer groups may exert more pressure on their members to conform, especially around age 14
- Adolescents have heightened orientation toward others, particularly peers.
- Being around other teenagers changes the way the adolescent brain functions.
- During adolescence, presence of friends only (compared to adults/mix) activates brain’s reward system, making adolescents pay more attention to the potential rewards of a risky choice.
how does changes in brain function affect adolescents’ response to peer pressure?
During adolescence, presence of friends only (compared to adults/mix) activates brain’s reward system, making adolescents pay more attention to the potential rewards of a risky choice causing increased peer conformity.
what are the individual differences in susceptibility to peer influence? (6 total, just list 3)
girls are less susceptible than boys
blacks are less susceptible (in US)
asian americans more susceptible (in US)
youths from single-parent families, less supportive parents or more controlling parents are more susceptible
Heightened sensitivity to social evaluation; prone to sensation seeking
→ less able to resist peer influence
Stronger connections between brain regions involved in decision-making
→ more able to resist peer pressure
how do differences in neural activity correlate to susceptibility to peer influence?
Heightened sensitivity to social evaluation; prone to sensation seeking
→ less able to resist peer influence
Stronger connections between brain regions involved in decision-making
→ more able to resist peer pressure
behavioural autonomy is mostly associated with which parenting style?
authoritative parenting
- less susceptible to antisocial peer pressure
- more susceptible to positive peer influence
Adolescents with __________ relationships with their parents are more likely to be peer oriented.
less positive
how does insufficient or excessive autonomy affect adolescents’ degree of peer orientation?
Granting too much or too little autonomy creates adolescents who are the most strongly peer oriented.
Cognitive autonomy development involves changes in the adolescent’s ___________.
This is due to cognitive changes like _______. (list 2)
beliefs, opinions, and values
enhanced reasoning, hypothetical thinking,
considering alternatives, and reflecting on one’s own thoughts
what are the 3 trends related to beliefs in adolescents’ development of cognitive autonomy?
Beliefs become increasingly (eg. refusing to pirate music online):
1) abstract in the way they think
eg. Considers the abstract idea of intellectual property
2) rooted in general principles
eg. Understands that stealing digital content violates principles of fairness and ownership
3) founded in the young person’s own values
eg. Chooses not to pirate based on their personal belief in respecting creators’ work
study of moral development involves both ____ and ____.
reasoning (how individuals think about moral dilemmas)
behaviors (how they behave in situations that call for moral judgments)
what is the dominant theoretical viewpoint in studying moral reasoning? what does it emphasise? what are the 2 types?
dominant theoretical viewpoint: Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
emphasis: shifts in the type of reasoning that individuals use rather than changes in the content of the decisions they reach
2 types: heteronomous morality and autonomous morality
what are heteronomous and autonomous morality?
2 types of moral reasoning under Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
heteronomous morality - rules as unchangeable and imposed by authorities (judged by its consequences, not the intention)
autonomous morality - rules are created by people and can be negotiated
what are the 3 stages of moral reasoning? what is each reasoning based on?
- preconventional
- based on rewards n punishments
- most of childhood - conventional
- based on societal norms (rules and conventions of society)
- late childhood, early adolesence
- most adolescents function at this level - postconventional (aka principled)
- based on recognition that social rules and conventions are relative and subjective, not absolute
- late adolescence (rare)
Not all adolescents enter a stage of consistent __________ thinking, but many
begin to place greater emphasis on ________ and __________.
postconventional; abstract values; moral principles
Moral ________ doesn’t always match moral ______, especially when they see
issues as _______ choices rather than _________ ones.
reasoning; behaviour; personal; ethical
what are the 2 changes in prosocial reasoning?
late adolescence - prosocial reasoning (honesty/kindness) becomes increasingly mature
adolescents begin to devalue prosocial acts done for self-serving reasons, value those done out of genuine empathy
which parenting style best contributes to development of moral and prosocial reasoning in adolescents?
authoritative
what is prosocial behaviour?
behaviours intended to help others
what kind of adolescents are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviours (helping others)?
Adolescents who are higher in prosocial reasoning
Prosocial __________ becomes more advanced over the course of adolescence, but
changes in prosocial ________ during adolescence are not as consistent.
Prosocial _______ is fairly stable with age and across different contexts.
reasoning; behaviour
behaviour
