cognitive n social transitions Flashcards
adolescents are better than children in thinking about/in:
possibilities
abstract concepts
thinking (metacognition)
multiple dimensions
see things as relative (relativism)
metacognition consists of increase in ___ and ______.
introspection
self-consciousness
what is adolescent egocentrism and what 2 problems does it lead to?
which one of these problems can cause risky behavior and why?
adolescent egocentrism - extreme self-absorption
problems:
1. imaginary audience (think everyone is watching and evaluating)
2. personal fable ((thinnk youa re unique)
problem of personal fable leads to risky behaviors due to beliefs that bad things only happen to to others
what is reminiscence bump?
a feature in memory of adolescents where adolesecence memories are recalled mroe than those from other life stages
male brains are 10% _____ than female brains.
brain size has much/little relation to intelligence.
larger
little
2 types of brain plasticity
- developmental plasticity
- brain being built
- strongly affected by drugs - adult plasticity
gray matter is composed of ____ while white matter is made of ___.
neuron somas; axons wrapped in myelin
what are the 2 changes in brain structure in adolescents?
- synaptic pruning of unnecessary neurons and myelination increases cognition
- increase in white matter improves efficiency of connections within and across brain regions
which brain structure changes most dramatically in adolescence?
what is this brain structure responsible for?
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
responsible for complex thinking:
planning
risks n rewards
controlling impulses
increase in ____ matter improves efficiency of _____ within and across brain regions,
improved connectivity btwn PFC and limbic system allows for what 3 things?
white; connections
improved connectivity btwn PFC and limbic system allows for:
- better emotional regulation
- improved social informational processing
- coordination of thoughts n feelings
is change in gray matter volume and extent of brain maturation universal?
no. individual. depends on genetic n envt factors.
2 changes in PFC that leads to better info processing.
- focused activation patterns within PFC
- response inhibition
- executive functioning - improved coordination with activity in other regions (functional connectivity)
there are 2 kinds of focused activation patterns within PFC - response ___ and ____ function. briefly describe.
response inhibition - surpress inappropriate behavior
executive function - advanced thinking (driven by PFC maturation in early adolescence)
what is functional connectivity?
maturation of this is roughly completed by age ___.
like brain multitasking - extent to which multiple brain regions function at the same time
22
do peers or adults shape teen decision-making in risky situations
peers
adult presence eliminates peer effect on risk taking
what is social redefinition
individual position/status redefined by society
what are some implications of psychosocial development in adolescence?
identity - feeling mature, thinking about future roles in work n fam
autonomy - shifts in responsibility/independence/freedom
achievement - can work FT / leave school
r/s - new decisions on intimacy/dating/marriage
adolescence begins with puberty and ends with adults roles. aka starts in ____, ends in ____.
biology; culture
today, adolescence starts ____, lasts ______ and ends ______.
earlier
longer
later
adolescence as a social invention instead of biological/cognition contradicts whose view that it is driven by puberty?
Hall’s
true or false? adolescence is a biologically constructed phase of life.
false. adolescence is a socially constructed phase of life.
youth currently refers to ages ___ to ___, but it once was referred to ages ___ to ____.
18-22; 12-24
a transitional phase btwn adoles n adulthood is called __________ (age).
emerging adulthood (18-25)
5 key features of emerging adulthood
- explore identities
- unstable work, romantic r/s & living arrangements
- focus on self, independence
- caught in the middle of adulthood n adolescence
- sense that life holds many possibilities
is emerging adulthood universal?
no
exists only in a few countries like US, canada, Aus, NZ, Japan, wealthy Europe
great variability for those in mid-20s
influenced by values, priorities, culture, economic factors
2 impt dimensions along which societies differ in the process of social redefinition are:
clarity (clear vs ambiguous)
continuity (gradual vs abrupt)
what are 3 neighorhood conditions affecting adolescence development?
community norms, collective efficacy
interpersonal r/s
economic and institutional resoruces
