peer groups and schools

Question 1

what is age grading?

Answer 1

grouping students by age

Question 2

put in correct order from past to future.

cofigurative
prefigurative
postfigurative

Answer 2

past: postfigurative
- learn from elders

contemporary: cofigurative
- learn from elders + peers

future: prefigurative
- adults learn from young ppl

Question 3

compared to childhood, what differences do adolescents present?

• time spent w peers
• peer group and adult supervision
• interactions with opp-sex peers
• size of peers

Answer 3

time spent w peers
- incease

peer group and adult supervision
- without adult supervision

interactions with opp-sex peers
- increase

size of peers
- greater involvement in larger groups of peers than smaller groups

Question 4

changes in peer groups is caused by what 3 changes during adolescence?

Answer 4

1. puberty
2. cognitive
3. social

Question 5

clique size is ___ and crowd is larger than that

Answer 5

2-12

Question 6

cliques are considered ______ while crowds are members.

Answer 6

friends

Question 7

-
-
crowds are based on:
-
-
-

Answer 7

cliques are based on:
- shared activities
- interests
- friendships

crowds are based on:
- reputation
- stereotype
- social labels

Question 8

what does the development of a clique look like thorugh adolescence?

Answer 8

same-sex groups to larger mixed-sex groups to couples

Question 9

which one, clique or crowd, allows more freedom to switch and improve status?

Answer 9

crowd

Question 10

3 types of segragation to form cliques are:

Answer 10

1. age segragation
   - due to school structure (age grading)
2. sex segragation
   - shared activities n interests
   - early n mid adolescence
3. ethnic segragation
   - residential segragation
   - academic achievement
   - adolescence and parental attitudes

Question 11

2 forms of popularity

Answer 11

1. sociometric popularity
   - well-liked
   - social skills, friendliness, humor
2. perceived popularity
   - status, prestige
   - highly variable, ever-changing

Question 12

4 types of aggression

Answer 12

reactive aggression - unplanned, impulsive

proactive aggression - planned, deliberate

overt aggression - direct, more physical (boys>girls)

relational aggression - gossip, manipulation (girls>boys)

Question 13

which type of agression makes adolescents more popular?

Answer 13

proactive aggression - planned, deliberate

Question 14

3 types of unpopular adolescents are?

what are the risks of each type?

Answer 14

1. withdrawn
   - shy, anxious, unconfident
   - easy targets for bullying
   - risk of conduct problems and antisocial behavior
2. aggressive
   - hostile attributional bias (interpret others’ behaviours as deliberately hostile)
   - risk of low self-esteem, depression, diminished social competence
3. both
   - all risks

Question 15

what is the effect of bullying on direct and indirect victims?

Answer 15

direct - internalising problems (eg. depression, low self-esteem)

indirect - externalising problems (eg. delinquency due to fear, worry)

Question 16

physical bullying is differentiated by ______ and _________ btwn bully n victim.

it declines cosiderably from ___ to ___ school.

Answer 16

repetition; power imbalance

middle; high

Question 17

countries with greater _________ report more bullying

Answer 17

income equality

Question 18

what is peer victimisation?

Answer 18

being bullied

Question 19

what are 3 cascading effects beyond adolescence?

Answer 19

lower educaional attainment

lower earnings in adulthood

victimisation in workplace

Question 20

according to ________ theory, peer victimization leads to a sense of mistrust in others.

Answer 20

social safety theory

Question 21

which one, traditional or cyber bullying, can make bullies more popular?

Answer 21

cyberbullying

Question 22

school-based anti-bullying programs may lead to less/more bullying during high school.

Answer 22

more

Question 23

significant amount of bullying occurs inside or outside of school?

Answer 23

outside