psychosexual development (pt.2)

Question 1

puberty, menarche, gonads and adrenal

Answer 1

• P: increased hormone levels (feedback system setting changed)
• m: ~12.8/12.3 mdn, +/- 5-6 yrs (trigger not entirely clear)(was going down 2 months/decade but now stabilized)
• g&a: glands involved (implications for sexual arousal, sexual attraction, morphology (change in body form))

Question 2

growth of breasts, pubic hair, body

women

Answer 2

• breasts: 7-13 yrs
• pituitary growth hormone, estrogens, progesterone, thyroxine
• pubic hair: 8-14 yrs
• adrenal androgens
• body growth: 9.5-14.5 yrs
• pituitary growth hormone, adrenal androgens, estrogens

Question 3

menarche, underarm hair, oil and sweat producing glands

women

Answer 3

• menarche: 10-16.5
• GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone
• underarm hair: ~2 yrs after pubic hair
• andrenal androgens
• oil and sweat: about the same time as underarm hair
• andrenal androgens

Question 4

growth of testes and scrotal sac, pubic hair, body

men

Answer 4

• testes and scrotal sac: 10-13.5 yrs
• pituitary grwoth hormone, testosterone
• pubic hair: 10-15 yrs
• testosterone
• body: 10.5-16
• pituitary growth hormone, testosterone

Question 5

growth of penis, chnage in voice, facial and underarm hair, oil and sweat

men

Answer 5

• penis: 11-14.5
• testosterone
• change in voice: 11-14.5
• testosterone
• facial and underarm hair: ~2 yrs after pubic hair
• testosterone
• oil and sweat: ~2 yrs after pubic hair
• testosterone

Question 6

androgynous bodies, 2ndary sex traits, cis girls, cis boys

Answer 6

• ab: more adult like
• 2ndary: start around 9 or 10 (adrenarche), pubic hair, axillary hair, genitals enlarge, sexual interest beings with adrenarche
• cis g: E -> breasts develop, fat deposited in hips and mons punis
• cis b: A -> body build, larynx (voice), facial hair
• pubertal hormones: sexdifferences in white matter tracks, particularly corpus callosum

Question 7

early and late maturers

Answer 7

• treated as perceived by others
• important issue since many girls physically developing early
• early breats development (“available”)
• approached even though not defining self as sexual yet (before emotionally/cognitively ready for sex, early dating = early intercourse, risk of sexual harassment based more on looks than on engaging in sexual activities)
• boys who mature late (often excluded in sports and leadership roles cause they dont look as strong)
• girls get social excluded both ways

Question 8

pubertal sexual conduct

Answer 8

• sexual behaviour product of a variety of forces
• hormones surges at adrenarche and puberty
• 1st interest in sex awakens around age 10 (sensitized to appropriate sexual stimuli based on sexual orientation)
• no sex difference in this phenomenon
• morphological changes as indicators of sexual maturity (relevant both for others and self)(opportunities available and sought out)

Question 9

gender role’ cognitive script

Answer 9

• how you think you should act

Question 10

early experience, model

Answer 10

• early experiences set stage, including gender role and behaviour
• not just product of past (constant interplay with enviroment and others)(new learning over old)
• model: a continuing process of development throughout life
• new learning layers over older way
• old learning is often engraved

Question 11

meaning of childhood sexuality

Answer 11

• subjective experiences (what do they mean)
• often ascribe adult meaning and motives to children’s behaviour (kids often not aware of sif of acts or have different reasons for them)
• no coherent understanding of sex or sexuality at this early stage

Question 12

sex as play, play as sex

Answer 12

• problem of meaning: touching genitals and cross gender sex play
• infant self exploration leads to self stimulation (erection and orgasm)
• other cultures have it to soothe the child

Question 13

sex play

Answer 13

• 1/2 adult, but not often
• show genitals, touching genitals, simulated coitus, oral-genital contact (same sex/cross sex acts common)
• little effect on sexual patterns in adulthood for majority
• most adult gay men and lesbian women, however, trace preferance to pre-puberty (leads to that sexual orientation? not really, since most people who have such experiences do not have opposite sexual preference as adults)

Question 14

sex as play: curiosity

Answer 14

• curiosity about forbidden or imitation of “adult” activities, especially for younger children
• contextualized in form of vocational games (nurse docs)
• adult recall of rate of 2-3 times between 6-12 yrs reveals low interest compared to sanctioned types of play

Question 15

TedX on child sexuality

Answer 15

• kids want to know about sexuality (not knowing = 3 consequences)
  1. they will go to another person for answers
  2. they can feel shameful and guilty about it
  3. kids can not say no cause they don’t know they are allowed to
• sexuality starts at birth and continues to all ages
• sexuality edication is important, and needs to talk about feelings, knowing you body, self esteem, relationships, diversity, values, and reproduction
• they can understand this at a young age woth short, clear, simple language
• it can protect kids, so they have the knowledge to sexuality topics

Question 16

parents as sources of information

Answer 16

• set examples for the child
• physical ways they relate to each other
• acceptablility of nudity, judgement of bodies, touch, public intimacy
• girls get more info about sex from mom than boys from dads
• often limited to menstruation, pregnancy, birth (not much, if anything, about pleasure)

Question 17

Frappier et al., 2008

Answer 17

• 45% of teens regarded parents as role models (32% friends, 15% celebrities)
• despite +’ve relationship with mom, 38% did not discussed sex with them
• source of sex info - 1. school, 2. friends, 3. parents
• most valuable source of info - 1. school, 2. parents, 3. friends
• peer group for girls (78%), boys (74%)
• attitudes are as important as facts
• 10-13 yr olds can comprehend relationships

Question 18

swiss data

Answer 18

• main sex ed resource
• friends 39%
• parents 27%
• school 19%
• internet 8%
• nobody 4%
• other 3%

Question 19

sex ed in school

Answer 19

• still controversial for some
• seen as threat to role of family
• sex ed will occur while at school

Question 20

school based info: school

Answer 20

• resistance to offering sex ed “too soon” (under 14)(often from parents)
• waiting until 14+ is too late for some (31% boys, 21% girls)
• BC provincial program for younger students

Question 21

Abstinece only sex ed (AOSE)

USA

Answer 21

• celibate until marriage by suppressing sexual desire
• chastity pledge, 88% had penile-vaginal intercourse before marriage (same amount of STIs)
• W to keep M from temptation or let them act on urges
• prepetuates rape myth that it’s all the Ws fault
• no discussion of oral, anal, condoms as STI protection (guilty to seek STI treatment)
• 2022: 19 american states were AOSE states (some states have harsh penalities to violators)

Question 22

Sundaram and Saunston’s

Answer 22

• linguistic and qualitative analysis of UK sex ed materical found an absence of pleasure
• emphasis was on -‘ves about having sex
• risk of STIs and pregnancy rather than joys of sex

Question 23

comprehensive sexuality education (CSE)

Answer 23

• curriculum based process of teaching and learning about the cognitive, emotional, physical, and social aspects of sexuality that aims to equip people with knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that will empower them to:
• realize their health, well being and dignity
• develop respectful social and sexual relationships
• consider how their choices affect their own well being and that of others
• understanding and ensure the protection of their rights throughout their lives

Question 24

Goldfarb and Lieberman

Answer 24

• 3 decades researched on CSE
• enhanced appreciation of sexual diversity: lower homophobia, expanded understanding of gender/gender norms and recognition of gender equity, rights, and social justice
• dating and intimate partner violence prevention: decreased dating violence and intimate partner violence (IPV); and increased bystander intentions and behaviours
• healthy relationships: increased knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to healthy relationships; improved communication kills and intentions
• child sex abuse prevention: including improved knowledge, attitudes, skills, and social emotional outcomes related to personal safety and touch disclosure skills and behaviours
• enchancements in social emotional learning and media literacy

Question 25

CSE

Answer 25

• 93% of american parents irrespective political identity support learning objective of CSE for public schools
• sex positive CSE in netherlands:
• increased sexual knowledge, less cyber victim blaming attitudes, comminication skills
• effective not only on the knowledge level, but also regarding sexual attitudes and competences

Question 26

teens don’t info they want in school and research on uni sexuality course

Answer 26

• teens: internet, porn, porn literacy an issue (entertainment, not reality)
• uni: improved interpersonal relatinoships;
• comfort in talking about sex to others close to them
• improved romantic and sexual relationships
• greater acceptance of own and others’ sex behaviour
• reduction in homophobia

Question 27

study of couples in the course

Answer 27

• less secretive about sex
• more comfortable with sexuality overall
• increased communication
• willingness to try new behaviours or positions