Bio foundations Flashcards
vasocongestion
increased blood flow
myotonia
nueromuscular tension
Excitement
men
initiation, physical changes (5)
- initiated by what the guy is sexually attracted too (sensory, thoughts, memory)
- erection of penis
- elevation and flattening of scrotum
- goose bumps on scrotum
- elevation of testes
- erection of nipples (30% of guys)
Excitement
women
physical (7)
- vagina lubricates and expands (back 2/3 of canal, walls distend with blood)
- clit swells, elongates, hardens
- vestibukar blubs increase in size
- major lips flatten/seperate
- minor lips thichen/change colour
- uterus more elevated
- breasts enlarge (nipples and areolas swell)
sex flush
excitement
women
on chest and breasts for 25% of women
both men and women
excitement (2)
-heart rate and blood pressure increases
objective v. subjective for W
excitement (2)
- vag lub the most for preferred sex stim
- vasocogestion with a wide range of sex stimuli
plateau
men
physical (8)
- continuted stim (sex tension increases, levels out at high intensity)
- glans and coronal ridge of penis increase in size
- testes swell (increase by up to 50% and further elevated)
- sex flush in 25% of M
- Cowper’s gland secretion
- involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
- deeper and faster breathing
- heart rate and blood pressure increase
is the loss of erection in the plateau phase likely?
men
unlikely
plateau
women (7)
- major lips congested and swollen
- minor lips turn to a vivid red or deep purple (depends on childbirth)
- Bartholin’s glands may secrete
- breasts further enlarge (wraps around the nipples)
- sex flush (75%)
- clit withdraws under hood
- uterus fully elevated
orgasmic platform
women
plateau
- outer 1/3 vagina
- inner vagina increases in width and depth
both m and w
plateau
- involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
- breathing deeper and faster
- heart rate and blood pressure increases
Vasocongestion is evident in changes to the
1. penis
2. clit
3. major lips
4. minor lips
5. all of them
5.all of them
orgasm stimulation
(4)
phsyical
- intense
- pyso and physical release
- build up is good, but sometimes the release is even better
- no universal standard
faking orgasm
women (3)
- advoid hurting partner’s ego
- recognized as “deceitful”/”dishonest”
- W avoid expression to avoid adverse reaction
Milhausen’s Lab
orgasm
- W pretend to have an orgasm more than men
Goodman study
orgasm
- both W and M pretend to have an orgasm
- W pretend more
orgasm study
(4)
minority
- sexual minority
- 83% M faked an orgasm
- 88% M faked satisfaction
- gay men would fake orgasm and satisfaction more
“bad” orgasm experience
what gets said/happens (6), (9 all together)
- during consensual sex
- must have it
- 43% expreienced pressure to orgasm
- continued activity
- emotional manipulation
- +’ve verbal persuasion
- demanding orgasm
- impatience
- particpants used a variety of refusal strat to orgasm coercion
orgasm
M (3)
- 2 stages
- 3-4 pulsations of penile urethra and accessory organs expel semen
- contractions of anus
orgasm
W (2)
- 3-6 contractions of platform
- longer latency to O during partnered sex than during masturbation
orgasm
physical
both m and w (3)
- loss of voluntary muscle control (grimaces and spasms)
- breathing, heart rate, blood pressure peaks
- releases endorphins (opioid = reward is up, pain is down)
orgasm
physical, W
- release oxytocin (5x) and vasopressin (produce the feeling of closeness in the brain and leaves within 3-5 min after released)
orgasm
physical, M and W
- different pattern for M and W
- multi orgasm for W is common, not for M
orgasm gap
- cisgender men have more orgasms than cisgender women
- m think its small than it actually is
refractory period
orgasm (3)
- a “timeout”
- depends on: age, # of orgasms, fatigue
- M have a shorter time
is it possible to have an orgasm outside of sexual context
yes/no, during what (5)
- yes
- drug use
- childbirth
- breastfeeding
- defecation
- nongenital stim
female ejaculation and vaginal squirting
orgasm
- don’t have to be related to orgasm
- FE = small amout of milky substance from skene’s gland
- VS = large volume, involuntary expulsion of clear, water fluid fro bladder (biochem says that its sim to urine) (W say it’s smell/taste/apperance is diff from urine)
resolution
M, physical, (7)
- penis loses rigidity
- scrotum relaxes
- testes shrink and descends
- nipples subside
- sex flush fades
- muscle tension for up to 5 min
- baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
resolution
W, phsyical, (5)
- clit reverts
- blood leaves vagina, lips, and breasts
- sex flush fades
- muscle tension for up to 5 min
- baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
if no orgasm
resolution, physcial, (4)
- physically upleasant if plateau stage is intense and prolonged
- susceptible to vaginal infections for W
- M painful testes with scrotum turing blue
- pooling of deoxygenated blood at vagina and scrotum
dual control model
(4)
- extension of Masters and Johnson model of sexual arousal
- factors will either excite or inhibit sexual arousal
- important for W (excitement needs to be induced)
- excitatory and inhibitory factors affect arousal
orgasm
1. involves the release of neuromuscular tension
2. waves of contraction of uterus
3. ejaculation in men always occure together
4. 2 of these
4.2 of these (neuromuscular tension and conrtactions of uterus)
timing and differentiation of gonads
- indifferent at 28 days
- diff at 7 weeks (testes seen)
- 12 weeks (ovaries seen)
Y chrom action produces _
(4)
- H-Y antigen for testes
- fetal androgens for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
- muellerian duct inhibitory substance
- develops external and internal genitals
female’s ovary development
(3)
- keeps the mullerian duct
- wolffian ducts degenerate
- defult sex
basic sex of humans is
1. male
2. female
3. no such thing
2.female
Arousal
nerves (5)
- sensory input is interpreted before by the brain before sensation
- brain = memory and imagination (sexual excitement without the external sensory input)
- neuropsychological processes
- nerve ending and end organs (respnod to touch, warmth, pain)
- nerve endings in glans of penis and vagins (where they send the messages and how it is decoded is critical)
reflex mech
(4)
- erection and ejaculation (vascuar phenomenon)(triggered by neural reflex)
- muscles of arterial wall regulate blood to penis (independent of brain)
- erection centre is also influenced by the brain
- M and W assumed to be the same
paraplegic
reflex mech (4)
- wiast down
- erection and ejaculation
- no “orgasm”
- needs the brain
- can get the release tho
brain mech
(3)
- neurophysiology of emotional states
- limbic system
- sex arousal is associated with tem decrease in executive function in young M
limbic system
brain mech (4)
- older pt of evolutionary sense
- artificial activation produces various behaviours
- aggressive, defensive, alimentary, sexual
- pt of higher intergrative functions for sexual behaviour
pleasure areas of the brain
brain mech (5)
- electrical stim
- subjective
- neuroanatomical basis (pleasure from sex bahaviour)
- hypothalamus (anterior pituitary and hormones)
- temporal lobes associated with guilt and moral judgment turned down in response to erotic stimuli
Endocrinology
what is it and the important roles, (5)
- horomones produced by sex glands
- blood born chem
- important role in development of anatomy
- important role in reproduction
- important role in sex behaviour
basic endrocinology
(4)
- releasing chem into the blood
- sex glands (ovaries, testes)
- anterior pituitary (master gland)
- anterior pituitary produces gonadotropins (follicle sim hormone (FSH for M/W)) (luteinizing hormone (LH (P for W and T for M)))
basic endrocinology
hypo-pituitary-gonads
- hypo secretes pituitary regulating chem
- pituitary is controlled by the brain and makes FSH and LH releasing factors
- then go to gonads
basic endrocinology
self-reg (4)
- brain monitors hormone levels
- -‘ve feedback loop
- low levels turn on hormones
- high levels turn off hormones
what can disrupt the menstrual cycle
(4)
- stress
- low body fat
- lossing too much weight too fast
- too much body fat
the bodily changes centered on ovulation
(2)
- prep and maintenance of uterus
- reg by hypo and higher brain regions (controls cycle by hormone balance, cycle is divided into phases)
proliferative phase
9/28 days
(6)
- hypo secretes follicle stim hormone releasing factor (FSH-RH)
- pituitary secretes follicle stim hormone which goes to the ovaries
- ovaries secretes estrogen in response (regrowth of lining and thin cervical mucus and viscous)
- FSH stim an ovary follicle to enlarge (from estrogen)
- estrogen peaks and causes LH-RF and LH production
- LH surge releases the ovum
ovulation
(2)
- release of the ovum from the ovary
- makes its way to the fallopian tube
secretory or luteal phase
(5)
- after ovulation
- LH stims ruptured follicle to develop into corpus luteum (P and E produced)
- P induces endometrium to secrete glycogen
- no fertilization = corpus liteum degenerates
- low levels of E triggers menstrual flow or menses
Menses
3-7 days
(2)
- low levels of E trigger an increase in FSH
- blood, mucus, endometrial tissue
dysmenorrhea
(3)
- painful menstruation
- child birth and the pill improves
- orgasm can bring relief
Which of the following hormones are not critical to the smooth functiong of the menstrual cycle?
1. progesterone
2. estrogen
3. luteinizing hormone
4. FSH-RF
5. none-all critical
5.none-all critical
the pituitary gland
1. is known as the master gland
2. produces hormones which controls the operation of other glands
3. operates independently of the brain
4. 2 of the above
4.2 of the above
menopause
(7), physical and psyo
- 1 yr without a period
- stops around age 46-50
- usually irregular before it stops
- pituitary produces FSH but ovaries don’t respond
- instable vasomotor system causes hot flashes, dizziness, ect
- “change of life”
- shrinking of uterus and thinning of vaginal lining
male cycle
hypo-pituitary-seminiferous tubules-feedback loop
- hypo –> pituitary releasing factors
- FSH and E
- seminiferous production (sperm production with FSH)
- LH stims interstitial cells of testes to produce androgens (T creates 2ndary sex char)
- -‘ve feedback loop for FSH and LH
- base levels of T drop after relationship and fatherhood
male cycle
high levels of T
- high T = high risk taking, competing and agression against M, courting women, impulsive for sex, and women’s attractiveness
- high T = low fear response
- personality traits, gene, social context plays a role too
Aging in Men
(4)
- no true menopause
- decline in hormones and sperm
- enlargement of prostate gland (urinary difficulties)
- depression and irritability (hormone levels and lifestyle changes)
intersex
- variations in genetic sex
- tripe X (normal IQ, language delay, facial features)
- poly Y (serious drop in IQ)
- ## supermale (taller, learning disability, delayed speech, youthful face, reduced body hair, small testes)
Klinefelter’s syndrome
XXY, (5)
- male with small testes and reduced fertility
- breast development
- lack of facial hair and frontal baldness
- rounded body form and overweight
- less interest in sex
Turner’s syndrome
X0, (7)
- immature female
- absent ovaries
- short
- webbed neck
- infertility
- no breast development
- both ovary and testes tissue
testicular feminization syndrome
XY, (5)
- andrigens produced
- testes undescended
- external genitals look like a vulva
- blind vagina, no uterus
- little sex motivation
DHT-deficient males
(3)
- XY, but develop vulva like external structures
- raised as a women
- puberty, penis develops
