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PSYO 353 > Bio foundations > Flashcards

Bio foundations Flashcards

1
Q

vasocongestion

A

increased blood flow

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2
Q

myotonia

A

nueromuscular tension

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3
Q

Excitement

men
initiation, physical changes (5)

A
  • initiated by what the guy is sexually attracted too (sensory, thoughts, memory)
  • erection of penis
  • elevation and flattening of scrotum
  • goose bumps on scrotum
  • elevation of testes
  • erection of nipples (30% of guys)
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4
Q

Excitement

women
physical (7)

A
  • vagina lubricates and expands (back 2/3 of canal, walls distend with blood)
  • clit swells, elongates, hardens
  • vestibukar blubs increase in size
  • major lips flatten/seperate
  • minor lips thichen/change colour
  • uterus more elevated
  • breasts enlarge (nipples and areolas swell)
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5
Q

sex flush

excitement
women

A

on chest and breasts for 25% of women

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6
Q

both men and women

excitement (2)

A

-heart rate and blood pressure increases

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7
Q

objective v. subjective for W

excitement (2)

A
  • vag lub the most for preferred sex stim
  • vasocogestion with a wide range of sex stimuli
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8
Q

plateau

men
physical (8)

A
  • continuted stim (sex tension increases, levels out at high intensity)
  • glans and coronal ridge of penis increase in size
  • testes swell (increase by up to 50% and further elevated)
  • sex flush in 25% of M
  • Cowper’s gland secretion
  • involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
  • deeper and faster breathing
  • heart rate and blood pressure increase
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9
Q

is the loss of erection in the plateau phase likely?

men

A

unlikely

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10
Q

plateau

women (7)

A
  • major lips congested and swollen
  • minor lips turn to a vivid red or deep purple (depends on childbirth)
  • Bartholin’s glands may secrete
  • breasts further enlarge (wraps around the nipples)
  • sex flush (75%)
  • clit withdraws under hood
  • uterus fully elevated
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11
Q

orgasmic platform

women
plateau

A
  • outer 1/3 vagina
  • inner vagina increases in width and depth
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12
Q

both m and w

plateau

A
  • involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
  • breathing deeper and faster
  • heart rate and blood pressure increases
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13
Q

Vasocongestion is evident in changes to the
1. penis
2. clit
3. major lips
4. minor lips
5. all of them

A

5.all of them

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14
Q

orgasm stimulation

(4)
phsyical

A
  • intense
  • pyso and physical release
  • build up is good, but sometimes the release is even better
  • no universal standard
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15
Q

faking orgasm

women (3)

A
  • advoid hurting partner’s ego
  • recognized as “deceitful”/”dishonest”
  • W avoid expression to avoid adverse reaction
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16
Q

Milhausen’s Lab

orgasm

A
  • W pretend to have an orgasm more than men
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17
Q

Goodman study

orgasm

A
  • both W and M pretend to have an orgasm
  • W pretend more
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18
Q

orgasm study

(4)
minority

A
  • sexual minority
  • 83% M faked an orgasm
  • 88% M faked satisfaction
  • gay men would fake orgasm and satisfaction more
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19
Q

“bad” orgasm experience

what gets said/happens (6), (9 all together)

A
  • during consensual sex
  • must have it
  • 43% expreienced pressure to orgasm
  • continued activity
  • emotional manipulation
  • +’ve verbal persuasion
  • demanding orgasm
  • impatience
  • particpants used a variety of refusal strat to orgasm coercion
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20
Q

orgasm

M (3)

A
  • 2 stages
  • 3-4 pulsations of penile urethra and accessory organs expel semen
  • contractions of anus
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21
Q

orgasm

W (2)

A
  • 3-6 contractions of platform
  • longer latency to O during partnered sex than during masturbation
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22
Q

orgasm

physical
both m and w (3)

A
  • loss of voluntary muscle control (grimaces and spasms)
  • breathing, heart rate, blood pressure peaks
  • releases endorphins (opioid = reward is up, pain is down)
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23
Q

orgasm

physical, W

A
  • release oxytocin (5x) and vasopressin (produce the feeling of closeness in the brain and leaves within 3-5 min after released)
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24
Q

orgasm

physical, M and W

A
  • different pattern for M and W
  • multi orgasm for W is common, not for M
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25
Q

orgasm gap

A
  • cisgender men have more orgasms than cisgender women
  • m think its small than it actually is
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26
Q

refractory period

orgasm (3)

A
  • a “timeout”
  • depends on: age, # of orgasms, fatigue
  • M have a shorter time
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27
Q

is it possible to have an orgasm outside of sexual context

yes/no, during what (5)

A
  • yes
  • drug use
  • childbirth
  • breastfeeding
  • defecation
  • nongenital stim
28
Q

female ejaculation and vaginal squirting

orgasm

A
  • don’t have to be related to orgasm
  • FE = small amout of milky substance from skene’s gland
  • VS = large volume, involuntary expulsion of clear, water fluid fro bladder (biochem says that its sim to urine) (W say it’s smell/taste/apperance is diff from urine)
29
Q

resolution

M, physical, (7)

A
  • penis loses rigidity
  • scrotum relaxes
  • testes shrink and descends
  • nipples subside
  • sex flush fades
  • muscle tension for up to 5 min
  • baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
30
Q

resolution

W, phsyical, (5)

A
  • clit reverts
  • blood leaves vagina, lips, and breasts
  • sex flush fades
  • muscle tension for up to 5 min
  • baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
31
Q

if no orgasm

resolution, physcial, (4)

A
  • physically upleasant if plateau stage is intense and prolonged
  • susceptible to vaginal infections for W
  • M painful testes with scrotum turing blue
  • pooling of deoxygenated blood at vagina and scrotum
32
Q

dual control model

(4)

A
  • extension of Masters and Johnson model of sexual arousal
  • factors will either excite or inhibit sexual arousal
  • important for W (excitement needs to be induced)
  • excitatory and inhibitory factors affect arousal
33
Q

orgasm
1. involves the release of neuromuscular tension
2. waves of contraction of uterus
3. ejaculation in men always occure together
4. 2 of these

A

4.2 of these (neuromuscular tension and conrtactions of uterus)

34
Q

timing and differentiation of gonads

A
  • indifferent at 28 days
  • diff at 7 weeks (testes seen)
  • 12 weeks (ovaries seen)
35
Q

Y chrom action produces _

(4)

A
  • H-Y antigen for testes
  • fetal androgens for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
  • muellerian duct inhibitory substance
  • develops external and internal genitals
36
Q

female’s ovary development

(3)

A
  • keeps the mullerian duct
  • wolffian ducts degenerate
  • defult sex
37
Q

basic sex of humans is
1. male
2. female
3. no such thing

A

2.female

38
Q

Arousal

nerves (5)

A
  • sensory input is interpreted before by the brain before sensation
  • brain = memory and imagination (sexual excitement without the external sensory input)
  • neuropsychological processes
  • nerve ending and end organs (respnod to touch, warmth, pain)
  • nerve endings in glans of penis and vagins (where they send the messages and how it is decoded is critical)
39
Q

reflex mech

(4)

A
  • erection and ejaculation (vascuar phenomenon)(triggered by neural reflex)
  • muscles of arterial wall regulate blood to penis (independent of brain)
  • erection centre is also influenced by the brain
  • M and W assumed to be the same
40
Q

paraplegic

reflex mech (4)

A
  • wiast down
  • erection and ejaculation
  • no “orgasm”
  • needs the brain
  • can get the release tho
41
Q

brain mech

(3)

A
  • neurophysiology of emotional states
  • limbic system
  • sex arousal is associated with tem decrease in executive function in young M
42
Q

limbic system

brain mech (4)

A
  • older pt of evolutionary sense
  • artificial activation produces various behaviours
  • aggressive, defensive, alimentary, sexual
  • pt of higher intergrative functions for sexual behaviour
43
Q

pleasure areas of the brain

brain mech (5)

A
  • electrical stim
  • subjective
  • neuroanatomical basis (pleasure from sex bahaviour)
  • hypothalamus (anterior pituitary and hormones)
  • temporal lobes associated with guilt and moral judgment turned down in response to erotic stimuli
44
Q

Endocrinology

what is it and the important roles, (5)

A
  • horomones produced by sex glands
  • blood born chem
  • important role in development of anatomy
  • important role in reproduction
  • important role in sex behaviour
45
Q

basic endrocinology

(4)

A
  1. releasing chem into the blood
  2. sex glands (ovaries, testes)
  3. anterior pituitary (master gland)
  4. anterior pituitary produces gonadotropins (follicle sim hormone (FSH for M/W)) (luteinizing hormone (LH (P for W and T for M)))
46
Q

basic endrocinology

hypo-pituitary-gonads

A
  • hypo secretes pituitary regulating chem
  • pituitary is controlled by the brain and makes FSH and LH releasing factors
  • then go to gonads
47
Q

basic endrocinology

self-reg (4)

A
  • brain monitors hormone levels
  • -‘ve feedback loop
  • low levels turn on hormones
  • high levels turn off hormones
48
Q

what can disrupt the menstrual cycle

(4)

A
  • stress
  • low body fat
  • lossing too much weight too fast
  • too much body fat
49
Q

the bodily changes centered on ovulation

(2)

A
  • prep and maintenance of uterus
  • reg by hypo and higher brain regions (controls cycle by hormone balance, cycle is divided into phases)
50
Q

proliferative phase

9/28 days

(6)

A
  • hypo secretes follicle stim hormone releasing factor (FSH-RH)
  • pituitary secretes follicle stim hormone which goes to the ovaries
  • ovaries secretes estrogen in response (regrowth of lining and thin cervical mucus and viscous)
  • FSH stim an ovary follicle to enlarge (from estrogen)
  • estrogen peaks and causes LH-RF and LH production
  • LH surge releases the ovum
51
Q

ovulation

(2)

A
  • release of the ovum from the ovary
  • makes its way to the fallopian tube
52
Q

secretory or luteal phase

(5)

A
  • after ovulation
  • LH stims ruptured follicle to develop into corpus luteum (P and E produced)
  • P induces endometrium to secrete glycogen
  • no fertilization = corpus liteum degenerates
  • low levels of E triggers menstrual flow or menses
53
Q

Menses

3-7 days
(2)

A
  • low levels of E trigger an increase in FSH
  • blood, mucus, endometrial tissue
54
Q

dysmenorrhea

(3)

A
  • painful menstruation
  • child birth and the pill improves
  • orgasm can bring relief
55
Q

Which of the following hormones are not critical to the smooth functiong of the menstrual cycle?
1. progesterone
2. estrogen
3. luteinizing hormone
4. FSH-RF
5. none-all critical

A

5.none-all critical

56
Q

the pituitary gland
1. is known as the master gland
2. produces hormones which controls the operation of other glands
3. operates independently of the brain
4. 2 of the above

A

4.2 of the above

57
Q

menopause

(7), physical and psyo

A
  • 1 yr without a period
  • stops around age 46-50
  • usually irregular before it stops
  • pituitary produces FSH but ovaries don’t respond
  • instable vasomotor system causes hot flashes, dizziness, ect
  • “change of life”
  • shrinking of uterus and thinning of vaginal lining
58
Q

male cycle

hypo-pituitary-seminiferous tubules-feedback loop

A
  • hypo –> pituitary releasing factors
  • FSH and E
  • seminiferous production (sperm production with FSH)
  • LH stims interstitial cells of testes to produce androgens (T creates 2ndary sex char)
  • -‘ve feedback loop for FSH and LH
  • base levels of T drop after relationship and fatherhood
59
Q

male cycle

high levels of T

A
  • high T = high risk taking, competing and agression against M, courting women, impulsive for sex, and women’s attractiveness
  • high T = low fear response
  • personality traits, gene, social context plays a role too
60
Q

Aging in Men

(4)

A
  • no true menopause
  • decline in hormones and sperm
  • enlargement of prostate gland (urinary difficulties)
  • depression and irritability (hormone levels and lifestyle changes)
61
Q

intersex

A
  • variations in genetic sex
  • tripe X (normal IQ, language delay, facial features)
  • poly Y (serious drop in IQ)
  • ## supermale (taller, learning disability, delayed speech, youthful face, reduced body hair, small testes)
62
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

XXY, (5)

A
  • male with small testes and reduced fertility
  • breast development
  • lack of facial hair and frontal baldness
  • rounded body form and overweight
  • less interest in sex
63
Q

Turner’s syndrome

X0, (7)

A
  • immature female
  • absent ovaries
  • short
  • webbed neck
  • infertility
  • no breast development
  • both ovary and testes tissue
64
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

XY, (5)

A
  • andrigens produced
  • testes undescended
  • external genitals look like a vulva
  • blind vagina, no uterus
  • little sex motivation
65
Q

DHT-deficient males

(3)

A
  • XY, but develop vulva like external structures
  • raised as a women
  • puberty, penis develops

PSYO 353 (9 decks)

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