Bio foundations Flashcards
1
Q
vasocongestion
A
increased blood flow
2
Q
myotonia
A
nueromuscular tension
3
Q
Excitement
men
initiation, physical changes (5)
A
- initiated by what the guy is sexually attracted too (sensory, thoughts, memory)
- erection of penis
- elevation and flattening of scrotum
- goose bumps on scrotum
- elevation of testes
- erection of nipples (30% of guys)
4
Q
Excitement
women
physical (7)
A
- vagina lubricates and expands (back 2/3 of canal, walls distend with blood)
- clit swells, elongates, hardens
- vestibukar blubs increase in size
- major lips flatten/seperate
- minor lips thichen/change colour
- uterus more elevated
- breasts enlarge (nipples and areolas swell)
5
Q
sex flush
excitement
women
A
on chest and breasts for 25% of women
6
Q
both men and women
excitement (2)
A
-heart rate and blood pressure increases
7
Q
objective v. subjective for W
excitement (2)
A
- vag lub the most for preferred sex stim
- vasocogestion with a wide range of sex stimuli
8
Q
plateau
men
physical (8)
A
- continuted stim (sex tension increases, levels out at high intensity)
- glans and coronal ridge of penis increase in size
- testes swell (increase by up to 50% and further elevated)
- sex flush in 25% of M
- Cowper’s gland secretion
- involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
- deeper and faster breathing
- heart rate and blood pressure increase
9
Q
is the loss of erection in the plateau phase likely?
men
A
unlikely
10
Q
plateau
women (7)
A
- major lips congested and swollen
- minor lips turn to a vivid red or deep purple (depends on childbirth)
- Bartholin’s glands may secrete
- breasts further enlarge (wraps around the nipples)
- sex flush (75%)
- clit withdraws under hood
- uterus fully elevated
11
Q
orgasmic platform
women
plateau
A
- outer 1/3 vagina
- inner vagina increases in width and depth
12
Q
both m and w
plateau
A
- involuntary muscle tension (face and abdomen)
- breathing deeper and faster
- heart rate and blood pressure increases
13
Q
Vasocongestion is evident in changes to the
1. penis
2. clit
3. major lips
4. minor lips
5. all of them
A
5.all of them
14
Q
orgasm stimulation
(4)
phsyical
A
- intense
- pyso and physical release
- build up is good, but sometimes the release is even better
- no universal standard
15
Q
faking orgasm
women (3)
A
- advoid hurting partner’s ego
- recognized as “deceitful”/”dishonest”
- W avoid expression to avoid adverse reaction
16
Q
Milhausen’s Lab
orgasm
A
- W pretend to have an orgasm more than men
17
Q
Goodman study
orgasm
A
- both W and M pretend to have an orgasm
- W pretend more
18
Q
orgasm study
(4)
minority
A
- sexual minority
- 83% M faked an orgasm
- 88% M faked satisfaction
- gay men would fake orgasm and satisfaction more
19
Q
“bad” orgasm experience
what gets said/happens (6), (9 all together)
A
- during consensual sex
- must have it
- 43% expreienced pressure to orgasm
- continued activity
- emotional manipulation
- +’ve verbal persuasion
- demanding orgasm
- impatience
- particpants used a variety of refusal strat to orgasm coercion
20
Q
orgasm
M (3)
A
- 2 stages
- 3-4 pulsations of penile urethra and accessory organs expel semen
- contractions of anus
21
Q
orgasm
W (2)
A
- 3-6 contractions of platform
- longer latency to O during partnered sex than during masturbation
22
Q
orgasm
physical
both m and w (3)
A
- loss of voluntary muscle control (grimaces and spasms)
- breathing, heart rate, blood pressure peaks
- releases endorphins (opioid = reward is up, pain is down)
23
Q
orgasm
physical, W
A
- release oxytocin (5x) and vasopressin (produce the feeling of closeness in the brain and leaves within 3-5 min after released)
24
Q
orgasm
physical, M and W
A
- different pattern for M and W
- multi orgasm for W is common, not for M
25
orgasm gap
- cisgender men have more orgasms than cisgender women
- m think its small than it actually is
26
refractory period
| orgasm (3)
- a "timeout"
- depends on: age, # of orgasms, fatigue
- M have a shorter time
27
is it possible to have an orgasm outside of sexual context
| yes/no, during what (5)
- yes
- drug use
- childbirth
- breastfeeding
- defecation
- nongenital stim
28
female ejaculation and vaginal squirting
| orgasm
- don't have to be related to orgasm
- FE = small amout of milky substance from skene's gland
- VS = large volume, involuntary expulsion of clear, water fluid fro bladder (biochem says that its sim to urine) (W say it's smell/taste/apperance is diff from urine)
29
resolution
| M, physical, (7)
- penis loses rigidity
- scrotum relaxes
- testes shrink and descends
- nipples subside
- sex flush fades
- muscle tension for up to 5 min
- baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
30
resolution
| W, phsyical, (5)
- clit reverts
- blood leaves vagina, lips, and breasts
- sex flush fades
- muscle tension for up to 5 min
- baseline breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
31
if no orgasm
| resolution, physcial, (4)
- physically upleasant if plateau stage is intense and prolonged
- susceptible to vaginal infections for W
- M painful testes with scrotum turing blue
- pooling of deoxygenated blood at vagina and scrotum
32
dual control model
| (4)
- extension of Masters and Johnson model of sexual arousal
- factors will either excite or inhibit sexual arousal
- important for W (excitement needs to be induced)
- excitatory and inhibitory factors affect arousal
33
orgasm
1. involves the release of neuromuscular tension
2. waves of contraction of uterus
3. ejaculation in men always occure together
4. 2 of these
4.2 of these (neuromuscular tension and conrtactions of uterus)
34
timing and differentiation of gonads
- indifferent at 28 days
- diff at 7 weeks (testes seen)
- 12 weeks (ovaries seen)
35
Y chrom action produces _
| (4)
- H-Y antigen for testes
- fetal androgens for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
- muellerian duct inhibitory substance
- develops external and internal genitals
36
female's ovary development
| (3)
- keeps the mullerian duct
- wolffian ducts degenerate
- defult sex
37
basic sex of humans is
1. male
2. female
3. no such thing
2.female
38
Arousal
| nerves (5)
- sensory input is interpreted before by the brain before sensation
- brain = memory and imagination (sexual excitement without the external sensory input)
- neuropsychological processes
- nerve ending and end organs (respnod to touch, warmth, pain)
- nerve endings in glans of penis and vagins (where they send the messages and how it is decoded is critical)
39
reflex mech
| (4)
- erection and ejaculation (vascuar phenomenon)(triggered by neural reflex)
- muscles of arterial wall regulate blood to penis (independent of brain)
- erection centre is also influenced by the brain
- M and W assumed to be the same
40
paraplegic
| reflex mech (4)
- wiast down
- erection and ejaculation
- no "orgasm"
- needs the brain
- can get the release tho
41
brain mech
| (3)
- neurophysiology of emotional states
- limbic system
- sex arousal is associated with tem decrease in executive function in young M
42
limbic system
| brain mech (4)
- older pt of evolutionary sense
- artificial activation produces various behaviours
- aggressive, defensive, alimentary, sexual
- pt of higher intergrative functions for sexual behaviour
43
pleasure areas of the brain
| brain mech (5)
- electrical stim
- subjective
- neuroanatomical basis (pleasure from sex bahaviour)
- hypothalamus (anterior pituitary and hormones)
- temporal lobes associated with guilt and moral judgment turned down in response to erotic stimuli
44
Endocrinology
| what is it and the important roles, (5)
- horomones produced by sex glands
- blood born chem
- important role in development of anatomy
- important role in reproduction
- important role in sex behaviour
45
basic endrocinology
| (4)
1. releasing chem into the blood
2. sex glands (ovaries, testes)
3. anterior pituitary (master gland)
4. anterior pituitary produces gonadotropins (follicle sim hormone (FSH for M/W)) (luteinizing hormone (LH (P for W and T for M)))
46
basic endrocinology
| hypo-pituitary-gonads
- hypo secretes pituitary regulating chem
- pituitary is controlled by the brain and makes FSH and LH releasing factors
- then go to gonads
47
basic endrocinology
| self-reg (4)
- brain monitors hormone levels
- -'ve feedback loop
- low levels turn on hormones
- high levels turn off hormones
48
what can disrupt the menstrual cycle
| (4)
- stress
- low body fat
- lossing too much weight too fast
- too much body fat
49
the bodily changes centered on ovulation
| (2)
- prep and maintenance of uterus
- reg by hypo and higher brain regions (controls cycle by hormone balance, cycle is divided into phases)
50
proliferative phase
9/28 days
| (6)
- hypo secretes follicle stim hormone releasing factor (FSH-RH)
- pituitary secretes follicle stim hormone which goes to the ovaries
- ovaries secretes estrogen in response (regrowth of lining and thin cervical mucus and viscous)
- FSH stim an ovary follicle to enlarge (from estrogen)
- estrogen peaks and causes LH-RF and LH production
- LH surge releases the ovum
51
ovulation
| (2)
- release of the ovum from the ovary
- makes its way to the fallopian tube
52
secretory or luteal phase
| (5)
- after ovulation
- LH stims ruptured follicle to develop into corpus luteum (P and E produced)
- P induces endometrium to secrete glycogen
- no fertilization = corpus liteum degenerates
- low levels of E triggers menstrual flow or menses
53
Menses
| 3-7 days
(2)
- low levels of E trigger an increase in FSH
- blood, mucus, endometrial tissue
54
dysmenorrhea
| (3)
- painful menstruation
- child birth and the pill improves
- orgasm can bring relief
55
Which of the following hormones are not critical to the smooth functiong of the menstrual cycle?
1. progesterone
2. estrogen
3. luteinizing hormone
4. FSH-RF
5. none-all critical
5.none-all critical
56
the pituitary gland
1. is known as the master gland
2. produces hormones which controls the operation of other glands
3. operates independently of the brain
4. 2 of the above
4.2 of the above
57
menopause
| (7), physical and psyo
- 1 yr without a period
- stops around age 46-50
- usually irregular before it stops
- pituitary produces FSH but ovaries don't respond
- instable vasomotor system causes hot flashes, dizziness, ect
- "change of life"
- shrinking of uterus and thinning of vaginal lining
58
male cycle
| hypo-pituitary-seminiferous tubules-feedback loop
- hypo --> pituitary releasing factors
- FSH and E
- seminiferous production (sperm production with FSH)
- LH stims interstitial cells of testes to produce androgens (T creates 2ndary sex char)
- -'ve feedback loop for FSH and LH
- base levels of T drop after relationship and fatherhood
59
male cycle
| high levels of T
- high T = high risk taking, competing and agression against M, courting women, impulsive for sex, and women's attractiveness
- high T = low fear response
- personality traits, gene, social context plays a role too
60
Aging in Men
| (4)
- no true menopause
- decline in hormones and sperm
- enlargement of prostate gland (urinary difficulties)
- depression and irritability (hormone levels and lifestyle changes)
61
intersex
- variations in genetic sex
- tripe X (normal IQ, language delay, facial features)
- poly Y (serious drop in IQ)
- supermale (taller, learning disability, delayed speech, youthful face, reduced body hair, small testes)
-
62
Klinefelter's syndrome
| XXY, (5)
- male with small testes and reduced fertility
- breast development
- lack of facial hair and frontal baldness
- rounded body form and overweight
- less interest in sex
63
Turner's syndrome
| X0, (7)
- immature female
- absent ovaries
- short
- webbed neck
- infertility
- no breast development
- both ovary and testes tissue
64
testicular feminization syndrome
| XY, (5)
- andrigens produced
- testes undescended
- external genitals look like a vulva
- blind vagina, no uterus
- little sex motivation
65
DHT-deficient males
| (3)
- XY, but develop vulva like external structures
- raised as a women
- puberty, penis develops
