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PSYC 100 - April > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

WEEK 19 & 2O

1
Q

Etiology

A

Cause or origin of a disorder

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2
Q

Trephination (Supernatural)

A

Drilling holes in the skull to release bad spirits

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3
Q

Somatogenic Theory

A

Psychological disorders are disease states, arising from illness, genetic issues, or deterioration of the brain

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4
Q

Humorism

A

Belief by ancient Greek physicians that an imbalance in the bodily humorous affected health and mental states. Deficiency of one of the 4 essential bodily fluids (blood, yellow and black bile, phlegm)

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5
Q

Psychogenic

A

Causes including stress, learned associations, trauma, and distorted perception (Galen 100 - 200 AD)

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6
Q

Traitement Morale

A

Moral treatment approach emerged in the 18th century

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7
Q

Psychogenic Theory

A

Maladaptive responses to traumatic experiences led to disorders

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8
Q

Cathartic Method

A

Introduced by Breuer and expanded by Freud. Emotional release after the patient recalls trauma, and gains insight into behaviours and defense mechanisms that arose from that trauma

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9
Q

Diathesis - Stress/Dual - Risk Model

A

Explains a disorder in terms of the interaction between a vulnerability (or diathesis) and life experiences

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10
Q

Fear (cognitive)

A

Emotional and physiological response to a perceived or real threat, overemphasizing the danger or probability of something bad happening out of proportion to the actual situation

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11
Q

Biological Vulnerability

A

Genes that give us a highly reactive nervous system that responds quickly to triggers/stressors

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12
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Result of impulses from the Id threatening to break through

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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

A chronic state of anxiety due to over - worrying about everyday issues

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14
Q

Hypervigilance

A

Constant scanning of ones environment for danger

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15
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Acute fear of social situations

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16
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Feelings of helpless terror that occur at unpredictable times. Unprovoked by any specific environmental cue.

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17
Q

Panic Attacks

A

Last several minutes and are often accompanied by heightened physical arousal, more intense than GAD

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18
Q

Interoceptive Avoidance

A

Avoiding internal bodily cues

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19
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open and public spaces

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20
Q

Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Anxiety disorder that develops following a traumatic experience. Relive the experience through flashbacks and nightmares

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21
Q

Phases of PTSD

A

Acute - 1 - 3 months post event.
Chronic - more than 3 months post event.
Delayed onset - begins 6 months post - traumatic event

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22
Q

Obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

Associated with uncontrollable tasks or thoughts. Individuals w/ OCD realize the thoughts and tasks have no value

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23
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive actions that are performed to alleviate stress

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24
Q

Obsessions

A

COntinual or intrusive thoughts

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25
Phobias
Intense, irrational fears that are related to a specific object or event
26
Specific Phobias
Relate to a specific object or non - social event (eg. spiders, heights)
27
Social Phobias
Related to social situations. (eg. crowds, talking to people)
28
Mood Disorders
Typically focus on a person's arousal and activity levels. Low levels are associated with depression and high levels are associated with mania
29
Unipolar Disorders
One mood
30
Depression
Lack of pleasure combined with a general sense of hopelessness. Involves cognitive, motivational, and physical (somatic) symptoms
31
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Severe depression that interferes with functioning - lasts for at least two weeks
32
Depression diagnosis
5 or more of depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities and at least one of these
33
Manic
Persistent euphoric or irritable mood, intense energy, and exaggerated behaviours. Can also exhibit feelings of invincibility and extreme goal directed behaviour. Episodes last a week or longer and impairment can be significant
34
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthmia; PDD)
Less sever symptoms that last for at least 2 years. Feeling depressed more days than not
35
Manic Symptoms
3 -4 symptoms of grandiosity, increased goal - directed activity, reduced need for sleep, racing thoughts/ideas, distractibility, talkativeness, excessive risky behaviours
36
Hypomanic
Elevated mood without severe impairment - ast 4 or more days
37
Bipolar disorder
Named for polar extremes of activity. A combination of depression and mania
38
Bipolar Disorder I
Single or recurring manic episodes. Episodes of depression are not necessary. Severe.
39
Bipolar Disorder II
Single or recurring hypomanic and depressive episodes
40
Cyclothymic Disorder
Numerous, alternative periods of hypomania and moderate depression - does not meet criteria for MDD
41
Norepinephrine
Drops during depression and increases during mania
42
Precipitating Factors for MDD
Early adversity or trauma in childhood, chronic stress, stressful life events
43
Monoamine Theory of Depression
States that depression is due to a general depletion of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, & norepinephrine)
44
Tricyclics
Block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine to a lesser extent dopamine
45
Selective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Increase the activity of serotonin only (Prozac)
46
Comorbidity
Can be diagnosed with more than one disorder
47
Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)
One of the most effective treatments for MDD. Given a sedative and muscle relaxant to induce a seizure
48
Transcranial magnetic Stimulation
Noninvasive and can be done while patient is awake. Delivers pulsating magnetic fields to the cortex.
49
Deep Brain Stimulation
Implanting an electrode into the brain which can be stimulated to stimulate that part of the brain
50
Schizophrenia
Serious disorder that occurs in less than 1% of the population. Accompanied by disturbances in speech, thought, perceptions, and behaviours (psychosis)
51
Five Main Symptoms
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Grossly disorganized behaviours, Catatonic (positve)
52
Negative symptoms
General reduction of typical behaviors: - Anhedonia - loss of pleasure and joy - Amotivation (avolition) - reduction in motivations - Reduced Speech (alogia)/ blunted affect - Social withdrawal
53
Phases of Schizophrenia
1. Pre morbid - before onset 2. Prodromal - begining of symptoms 3. Active - symptoms to point of impairment 4. Residual (recovery) OR Chronic (symptoms continue)
54
Brain Atrophy
Less white matter - ventricles are enlarge - other brain regions are reduced.
55
Dopamine Hypothesis
Overactivity of the dopamine system
56
Antipsychotics
Typical: Blocks dopamine receptor which reduces positive symptoms (PSE: Tremors) Atypical: Influence the dopamine and other receptors to reduce dopamine levels (PSE: increase weight gain & CVD)
57
Personality Types
Discrete categories of defining someones personality (introverted, extraverted)
58
Personality Traits
Continuous levels of definitons
59
Three Criteria for Personality Traits
Consistency, Stability, and individual differences
60
OCEAN (Big 5)
Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
61
Psychopathy - Checklist - Revised
High scores of PCL - R correlate with impulsiveness and aggression as well as low empath, lack of social connection
62
Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI - R)
Diagnoses for non - criminal adults. Self - report measure
63
Antisocial Process Screen Device
For children which includes questions completed bt teachers adn parents.
64
The Dark Triad
Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
65
Reform Efforts of Dix and Beers
Dorthea Dix noticed the negligence in asylums and advocated for state hospitals. Clifford Beers founded the mental hygiene movement
66
Emil Kraepelin DSM
Published a comprehensive system of psychological disorders that centred around a pattern of symptoms suggestive of an underlying physiological cause
67
Bipolar Medication
Lithium reduces excitatory, and increases inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmission. Anticonvulsant medications are also common, alone or with lithium
68
Bipolar Adjunctive Treatments
Interpersonal and social Rhythm Therapy, focuses on facing social zeitgeber theory by encouraging maintaining stable rhythms
69
Delusions
False beliefs that are often fixed, hard to change, and has content that is culturally influenced
70
Different Types of Delusion
Erotomaniac, Nihilistic, Somatic, Beliefs related to the body, grandiose, referential, persecutory

PSYC 100 - April (12 decks)

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