Emotions and Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Broadly refers to the factors that initiate and influence the nature, persistence, and strength of an individuals behavior

Question 2

Drives/Motivational States

Answer 2

An urgent need, usually rooted in physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance

Question 3

Motivational Neuroscience

Answer 3

Regions of the brain specifically involved in motivational behaviour.

Question 4

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 4

Process rewarding stimuli

Question 5

Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 5

Assigns values to rewards

Question 6

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

goal - directed behaviour

Question 7

Dopamine

Answer 7

Neurotransmitter associated with excitement and anticipation

Question 8

Mesolimbic

Answer 8

Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens

Question 9

Mesocrotical

Answer 9

Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Homeostasis

Answer 10

Body striving to maintain a constant state. Mechanisms that move us back to a “set point”

Question 11

Drive

Answer 11

An affective experience. Narrow our attention on satisfying that need

Question 12

Drive reduction theory

Answer 12

Suggests that we are motivated to reduce problematic drives in the body

Question 13

Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Connects to the endocrine and nervous system through the pituitary gland

Question 14

Regulatory Drives

Answer 14

Hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, sleep

Question 15

Non - Regulatory Drives

Answer 15

Sex (arousal), achievement

Question 16

Glucose

Answer 16

Body’s main fuel source. After eating, glucose is transported to brain and tissues for immediate energy use, but also stored in liver and fat cells - satisfying current and future needs

Question 17

Blood glucose

Answer 17

Monitored by hypothalamus and sensors in the liver

Question 18

Drops

Answer 18

Convert stored glycogen back into glucose

Question 19

Lateral Hypothalamus

Answer 19

Electrical stimulation causes eating

Question 20

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Electrical stimulation stops eating

Question 21

Lesioning the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 21

Eliminate the desire to eat

Question 22

Satiation

Answer 22

Feeling of being full and satisfied, does signal to stop eating – lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 23

Arousal

Answer 23

Drive state that is triggered by either the thought of or absence of sexual activity

Question 24

Affect

Answer 24

Emotional process

Question 25

Well - Being

Answer 25

Positive mental and physical health

Question 26

Emotional Fluctuation

Answer 26

The degree to which the emotional intensity changes over time or to which emotions change

Question 27

Emotion Instability

Answer 27

dysregulation, rapid exaggerated changes

Question 28

Emotion Coherence

Answer 28

When emotional responses converge with one another

Question 29

Affective Neuroscience

Answer 29

Studies how the brain creates emotional response

Question 30

Drugs

Answer 30

Cocaine and amphetamines have dopamine like effects

Question 31

Liking

Answer 31

Linked to a small area within the nucleus accumbens and posterior of the ventral pallidum. Processes and analyzes rewards

Question 32

Pleasure

Answer 32

Associated with activation of orbitofrontal cortex

Question 33

Parts of the brain associated with fear

Answer 33

Amygdala, prefrontal cortex (cognitively processes the fear)

Question 34

Anger

Answer 34

From medial amygdala through the hypothalamus into the midbrain

Question 35

Neurotransmitters that may provoke anger

Answer 35

Substance P, testosterone, vasopressin, opioids and high doses of antipsychotics

Question 36

Attachment

Answer 36

Accompanied by feelings of love. Regions associated with nurturing are related to areas involved in sexual desire

Question 37

Preoptic Area and Arousal in Males

Answer 37

Region in the anterior hypothalamus. If region is damaged, male sexual behaviour is severely impaired

Question 38

Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Arousal in Females

Answer 38

Neurons determine the excretion of estradiol, which send impulses to the periaqueductal grey, which initiates sexual behaviour

Question 39

Septal Nucleus and Arousal

Answer 39

Shows considerable spiking during orgasm, stimulated by acetylcholine

Question 40

Invasive Techniques Used to Study Emotions

Answer 40

Electrode implantation, leisoning, hormone administration

Question 41

Noninvasive Techniques Used to Study Emotions

Answer 41

EEG, fMRI, People with existing brain lesions

Question 42

Desire Neural Structures

Answer 42

Nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

Fear Neural Structures

Answer 43

Path 1: eye, to thalamus, to visual cortex, to amygdala, to periaqueductal grey. Path 2:from thalamus straight to amygdala, to periaqueductal grey, for subconscious decisions

Question 44

Fear neurotransmitters

Answer 44

Glutamate, corticotropin releasing factor, adreno - cortico - trophic, cholecystokinin, and other neuropeptides

Question 45

Rage Neural Structures

Answer 45

From medial amygdala, through parts of the hypothalamus, and into the periaqueductal midbrain. Also increase in left cortical activation

Question 46

Rage Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

Substance P, testosterone, and arginine - vasopressin

Question 47

Love Neural Structures

Answer 47

Dorsal preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Question 48

Love Neurotransmitters

Answer 48

Oxytocin, arginine - vasopressin, and endogenous opioids

Question 49

Grief Neural Structures

Answer 49

midbrain periaqueductal grey, dorsomedial thalamus, ventral septum, dorsal preoptic region, and areas in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis

Question 50

Grief Neurotransmitters

Answer 50

Endogenous opiates, oxytocin, testosterone, prolactin

Question 51

Exogenous Chemicals and Desire

Answer 51

Brain systems associated with desire are sensitive to drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, because they have systems similar to dopamine

Question 52

Exogenous Chemicals and Liking

Answer 52

Brain regions are sensitive to opioids and endocannabinoids

Question 53

Exogenous chemicals and fear

Answer 53

Benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers inhibit activation in these areas

Question 54

Exogenous Chemicals and Rage

Answer 54

Opioids and high doses of antipsychotics inhibit this sytem

Question 55

Exogenous Chemicals and Grief

Answer 55

Opiate drugs artificially produce feelings of pleasure and gratification

Question 56

Periaqueductal Gray

Answer 56

Has a specific role in the freezing response

Question 57

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 57

Evaluates Emotional Information