Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Combination of characteristics that form an individual’s distinctive character

Question 2

Personality Traits

Answer 2

Dispositions that show differences between individuals. Generally have continuous distribution (stable over a lifetime)

Question 3

Factor Analysis

Answer 3

Statistical analysis that reduces large numbers of measurements to a smaller number of clusters (factors)

Question 4

Subtraits

Answer 4

Trait - neurotic, Subtraits - anxious, angry, depressed, self - conscious

Question 5

HEXACO Model

Answer 5

Honesty - humility (unique), Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness

Question 6

Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 6

Suggests that we can tell which personality traits are most important by paying attention to the language people use to describe themselves and others

Question 7

Machiavellianism

Answer 7

Individuals that manipulate others in their quest for power and money

Question 8

Need for Ahievement

Answer 8

High need for accomplishments, and set high standards for themselves

Question 9

Need for Cognition

Answer 9

rewarded by figuring things out

Question 10

Authoritarianism

Answer 10

Narcissistic personality type

Question 11

Optimism

Answer 11

Expect positive outcomes (pessimist vice versa)

Question 12

Alexithymia

Answer 12

Inability to recognize your own emotions

Question 13

Self - Esteem

Answer 13

Feelings abut oneself, positive, or negative (high self esteem = positive feelings)

Question 14

Person - Situation Debate

Answer 14

Situational factors affect behaviour, with people reacting consistently to similar situations.

Question 15

Cross - Sectional design

Answer 15

Compares people of different ages (my music taste to my parents)

Question 16

Longitudinal Design

Answer 16

Follow a group of individuals overtime

Question 17

Maturity Principle

Answer 17

From ages 20 - 65 increases in positive traits such as conscientiousness, and decrease in negative states such as neuroticism. Become more agreeable, more responsible, more emotionally stable

Question 18

Active Person - Environment Transactions

Answer 18

Occur when individuals select specific environments that are consistent with their already existing personality characteristics (eg. introverts avoid crowds)

Question 19

Reactive Person - Environment Transactions

Answer 19

Occur when individuals react differently to the same external stimuli because of their personalties

Question 20

Evocative Person - Environment Transactions

Answer 20

Occur when individual elicit certain kinds of responses from their social environment because of their personality attributes

Question 21

Attraction

Answer 21

Individuals are attracted to environments because of their personality attributes

Question 22

Hostile Attribution Bias

Answer 22

Occurs when individuals interpret social interactions as being aggressive, disrespectful or antgonisitc

Question 23

Objective Tests

Answer 23

A standard set of questions answered using a limited number of responses (1 2 3 4 5)

Question 24

Self - Report

Answer 24

Asks people to describe themselves. Can ask for single words, or short phrases or sentences

Question 25

Self - Enhancement Bias

Answer 25

Where individuals downplay their less desirable traits while emphasizing their more desirable traits

Question 26

Reference Group Effect

Answer 26

Where individuals compare themselves to others in their social circles

Question 27

Informant Ratings

Answer 27

Ask someone who knows the individual to rate them. Can be teacher, parent, spouse, friend

Question 28

Comprehensiveness

Answer 28

How comprehensive is the measuring instrument does it assess a single attribute (Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Rosenberg Self - Esteem Scale, and the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire), does it ask questions related to a large number of scales (California Psychological inventory, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire)

Question 29

Breadth

Answer 29

How broad or general one is

Question 30

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 30

Measures a wide range of personality variables including measures to detect cheating, faking, or unrealistic answer patterns

Question 31

Rational Approach

Answer 31

Theorist concept of the train

Question 32

Empirical Approach

Answer 32

Previous research has shown that the item was responded to differently

Question 33

Projective Tests

Answer 33

Structured to be open - ended

Question 34

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 34

Looking at blobs of ink and saying what you see

Question 35

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 35

Look at a picture of people and make up a story based on the photo

Question 36

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 36

People react quickly when they believe that two words are associated, and will have a longer reaction time when there is (Implicit Bias)

Question 37

Behaviour Assessment

Answer 37

Using a coding system to rate observable behaviours

Question 38

Remote Behavior Sampling

Answer 38

Collect samples from participants as they go about their daily lives

Question 39

Personality Disorder

Answer 39

Personality traits result in significant distress, social impairment, and/or occupational impairment

Question 40

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Answer 40

A consistent tendency to avoid social situations, feel inadequate, and be overly sensitive to criticism. A combination of traits from introversion and neuroticism

Question 41

Dependent Personality Disorder

Answer 41

Submissiveness, clinging behaviour, and fears of separation. A combination of traits neuroticism and agreeableness

Question 42

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer 42

A disorder of maladaptive extraversion, including traits like attention - seeking, seductiveness, melodramatic, and strong attachment needs

Question 43

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 43

Exaggerated feelings of self - importance, a need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with other peoples feelings. Includes traits from neuroticism, extraversion, antagonism and conscientiousness

Question 44

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 44

A lack of conscience for wrongdoing, may be aggressive and ruthless. A combination of traits from antagonism and low conscientiousness

Question 45

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Answer 45

Detachment from social relationships and limited range of emotional expression (introversion)

Question 46

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 46

Preoccupied with perfectionism. orderliness, and control (maladaptive conscientiousness)

Question 47

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 47

Unstable relationships and self - image (neuroticism)

Question 48

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Answer 48

Reduced capacity for relationships, distorted perceptions (neuroticism, introversion, unconventionality, antagonism)

Question 49

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 49

Distrustful and suspicious of others