Intelligence and Problem - Solving Flashcards
Week 16
g
General factor, general intelligence, general mental ability. Good at everything.
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
What is Intelligence?
Ability to learn, remember, and apply concepts and information
Cognitive Approach
Looks at brain processes connected to mental abilities. Can include processing speed, synaptic connections, working memory
Psychometric Approach
Objective measurements using psychological tests. Collect large samples of fata and see how it distributes
Standardization
In early 1900s, test was adapted to Stanford - Binet test which could be standardized. Was a controlled testing procedures and led to development of norms
Normal Distribution
IQ test norms were derived from large samples of children. The curve shows the distribution. Centre of normal distribution is 100
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS - III)
Test that uses both verbal ad performance skills. Asses a range of skills including verbal, reasoning, information processing, memory, and computation scores
Deviation IQ
Developed by Wechsler. Compares scores to average performance in your age range
Normed
Determining the range of scores against which to compare an individual using a representative sample of the population
The Flynn Effect
The world population has been collectively increasing IQ test scores
Spearmans g
Believed that there was one underlying component that determined one’s intelligence
Horn and Catell
Defined “fluid” and “crystallized” intelligence, which are both part of stratum II
Three Stratum Model
Specific abilities are different combinations of broad abilities
Multiple Intelligence Theory
There is not one underlying aspect of intelligence, and it is made up of several distinct individual components
MIT components
Logic - mathematics, verbal - linguistics, visual - spatial, naturalist, bodily - kinesthetic, musical rhythm, intrapersonal, and interpersonal
Savant
Very gifted in a skill, though overall intellectually disabled (Savant Syndrome - ASD)
Emotional Intelligence (E.I.)
Has four parts.
- Perceiving other people’s emotions
- Using emotions for reasoning
- Understanding the causes of an emotion
- Managing the extent and timing of one’s emotions
Growth Mindset
Believe that intelligence/talent is just the starting point, and abilities need to be developed through hard work.
Sex differences
Men - preform better on spatial tasks, eye hand coordination and mathematical reasoning
Women - perform better on perceptual speed tasks, verbal fluency, fine motor coordination, reading comprehension
Platos triarchic theory of the psyche
- Desires
- Affective
- Knowledge
Theory of work Adjustment
Interest and successes have other dimensions including satisfactoriness. If both are fulfilled the individual is motivated
Talent Development
Equal importance of individual abilities and interests as well as an environment that responds with rewards. Goes beyond satisfaction and satisfactoriness
Gutman’s Radex Model
Distinguishes different cognitive abilities (verbal, numerica, geometrical), and different mental processes/ learning
The Holland Occupation Themes RIASEC
Organizes six interest areas. Can predict preferred career based on personality assessment.
Six interest areas of RIASEC
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Mastery
Industriousness (high performers), striving people with a lot of resources to push themselves and utilize their abilities and interests to the maximum intent
Conative Factors
Individual differences in energy and drive, and the capacity for work
Bounded Rationality Theory
We try to make rational decisions, but we have cognitive limitations from being fully rational
Cognitive limits
Small capacity for short - term memory. Constraints on perceptions; constraints on time
Psychological limits
Willpower, Self - interest, Ethics, Awareness
Rational Decision - Making Steps
- Define the problem
- Identify criteria necessary to judge your options
- Weigh the criteria
- Generate alternatives
- Rate each alternative on the criteria you identified
- Compute the optimal decision
Algorithms
Solutions that attempt to sort through all possible outcomes/permutations of a given problem
Hueristics
Follows a role, but the rule is genrally aimed at reducing the possible number of alternate approaches to a problem - simplifies decision making process.
Biases
Predictable mistakes that influence our judgement
Anchoring
Previous knowledge limits how far one is willing to go in accepting new thoughts
Framing
How a particular question or item is phrased
Overconfidence
Greater confidence in our own judgement
System I
Intuitive - fast and automatic but emotional
System II
Deliberate - slow but logical
Nudge
Provides an architecture for choice that allows for better decision making (eg. opt out programs)
