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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A

statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

explain the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality

A

any relatively usual behaviour or characteristic can be thought of as ‘normal’ and any behaviour that is different to this is ‘abnormal’

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3
Q

example of statistical infrequency

A

iq and intellectual disability disorder

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4
Q

what is the normal distribution

A

the majority of peoples scores will cluster around the average and the further we go above/below this, the fewer people will attain this score

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5
Q

what is the average iq

A

100

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6
Q

what percentage of people have an iq between 85-115

A

65%

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7
Q

what percent of people have an iq under 70

A

2%

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8
Q

what is it called when your iq is below 70

A

intellectual disability disorder (mental retardation)

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9
Q

explain what deviation from social norms is

A

when a person behaves in a way that is different from how we expect people to behave - groups of people define behaviour as abnormal on the basis that it offends their sense of what is the norm. it is a collective societal judgement.

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10
Q

what is particular about social norms

A

dependent on generation and culture - few behaviours that are universally abnormal

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11
Q

example of a cultural social norm

A

2019 - brunei, new laws that make sex between men punishable by stoning to death in contrast to legalisation of gay marriage in the uk

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12
Q

what disorder aligns with deviation from social norms

A

antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy)

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13
Q

what is an important symptom of anti social personality disorder

A

failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behaviour

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14
Q

describe failure to function adequately

A

being no longer able to cope with the demands of everyday life eg if they are unable to maintain basic standards of nutrition and hygiene or if they cannot hold down a job or maintain a relationship

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15
Q

researcher for failure to function adequately

A

rosenhan and seligman

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16
Q

what did rosenhan and seligman suggest

A

proposed some signs that can be used to determine when someone is not coping:
- when a person no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules eg personal space
- when a person experiences severe personal distress

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17
Q

how is a diagnosis made based on definitions of abnormality

A

more than one has to be present for diagnosis

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18
Q

what is required to understand deviation from ideal mental health

A

what ‘ideal mental health’ looks like

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19
Q

who presented a criteria for ideal mental health

A

jahoda

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20
Q

what criteria did jahoda present

A
  • no symptoms or distress
  • we self-actualise
  • we are rational and can perceive ourselves accurately
  • we can cope with stress
  • we have a realistic view of the world
  • we have good self-esteem and lack guilt
  • we are independent of other people
  • we can successfully work and love and enjoy our leisure
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21
Q

dsm definition of phobias

A

excessive fear and anxiety triggered by an object, place or situation. the extent of the fear is out of proportion to any real danger presented by the phobic stimulus.

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22
Q

what are the three categories of phobia

A

specific phobia, social anxiety, agoraphobia

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23
Q

what is a specific phobia

A

phobia of an object such as an animal or body part, or a situation such as flying or having an injection

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24
Q

what is social anxiety

A

phobia of a social situation such as public speaking or using a public toilet

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25
what is agoraphobia
phobia of being outside or in a public place
26
what are the three behavioural characteristics of phobias
panic, avoidance, endurance
27
explain panic as a behavioural characteristic of phobias
a phobic person may panic in response to the presence of the phobic stimulus which can include crying, screaming, running away etc.
28
explain avoidance as a behavioural characteristic of phobias
sufferers tend to go to a lot of effort to avoid coming into contact with the phobic stimulus which can make it hard to go about daily life eg a person with a fear of public toilets may have to limit their time in public interfering with their daily life
29
explain endurance as a behavioural characteristic of phobias
the alt to avoidance. a sufferer remains in the presence of the phobic stimulus but continues to experience high levels of anxiety. this may be unavoidable in some situations eg if a person has an extreme fear of flying
30
what type of disorders are phobias
anxiety disorders
31
what is anxiety
an unpleasant state of high arousal that prevents the sufferer from relaxing and makes it very difficult to experience positive emotion
32
describe the roles of anxiety and fear in application to someone with arachnophobia
anxiety comes when the sufferer enters a situation associated with spiders such as a garden shed, then fear comes when the sufferer actually sees a spider
33
what characterises emotional responses
they are unreasonable and extremely disproportionate to the harm the phobic stimulus can actually cause
34
what is the cognitive element of phobias
ways in which people process information - for someone with a phobia, they process the phobic stimulus differently from other objects or situations
35
what are the cognitive elements of phobias
selective attention to phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions
36
describe selective attention to phobic stimulus
if a sufferer can see the phobic stimulus it is hard to look away from it. keeping our attention on something really dangerous is a good thing as it gives us the best chance of reacting quickly to a threat.
37
describe irrational beliefs
irrational beliefs in relation to phobic stimulus. this kind of belief increases the pressure on the sufferer.
38
describe cognitive distortions
perception is distorted eg someone with a fear of snakes may believe they look alien and aggressive
39
what is depression
a mood disorder where an individual sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities
40
name types of depression
major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder
41
name some behavioural characteristics of depression
activity levels, disruption to sleep and eating and aggression and self harm
42
name some emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem
43
name some cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration, attending to and dwelling on the negative (glass is half empty), absolutist thinking
44
how is ocd characterised
repetitive behaviour and obsessive thinking
45
what are some sub-types of ocd
trichotillomania, hoarding
46
name some behavioural characteristics of ocd
COMPULSIONS! - these 1. are repetitive, 2. reduce anxiety. and avoidance
47
what percent of ocd sufferers show compulsions alone
10%
48
what is the relationship between obsessions and compulsions
compulsions are performed in response to obsessions to reduce anxiety
49
name some emotional characteristics of ocd
anxiety and distress, accompanying depression, guilt and disgust
50
name some cognitive characteristics of ocd
obsessive thoughts, coping strategies
51
who proposed the two process model
mowrer
52
what is the two process model based on
the behavioural approach to phobias
53
what does the two-process model suggest
phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and then continue because of operant conditioning
54
case study research on phobia - who and what?
little albert - watson and rayner
55
why are phobias long lasting mowrer
maintenance through operant conditioning
56
how are phobias negatively reinforced
an individual avoids a situation that is unpleasant which results in a desirable consequence. whenever we avoid a phobic stimulus successfully we escape the fear and anxiety we would have suffered had we remained
57
what is systemic desensitisation
a behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning. learning to cope in the presence of the phobic stimulus.
58
what is the learning of a different response in sd called
counterconditioning
59
what is term called for when it is impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time
reciprocal inhibition
60
what are the three processes in sd called
1. anxiety hierarchy 2. relaxation 3. exposure
61
who is the anxiety hierarchy put together by
patient and therapist
62
what is the anxiety hierarchy
a list of situations related to the phobic stimulus that provoke anxiety arranged in order from least to most frightening
63
how does the therapist teach the patient how to relax
breathing exercises, mental imagery techniques
64
alt method of being relaxed
drugs eg vallium
65
when is the patient first exposed to the phobic stimulus
when they are relaxed
66
how is sd treatment deemed successful
when the patient can stay relaxed in situations high on the anxiety hierarchy
67
what is flooding
exposing patients to their phobic stimulus but without a gradual build-up in an anxiety hierarchy
68
what takes longer: flooding or sd
flooding in one session that can be 2-3 hours, sd in multiple sessions all shorter than this
69
what type of behaviour do patients not have in flooding
avoidance
70
explain flooding in conditioning terms
learned response is extinguished when CS (white fluffy things) is encountered without the UCS (bell) - the CS no longer produces the CR of fear
71
what is required of patients to perform flooding
fully informed consent
72
what is beck's cognitive theory of depression
why some people are more vulnerable to depression than others - it is a persons cognitions!
73
what are the three parts of cognitive vulnerability
1. faulty info processing 2. negative self-schemas 3. the negative triad
74
explain faulty info processing
when depressed, we attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore positives eg winning £1 mil on lotto but being upset someone week before won £10 mil
75
explain negative self-schemas
interpreting all info about ourselves as negative
76
what are the three elements of the negative triad
1. negative view of the world 2. negative view of the future 3. negative view of the self
77
explain negative triad
a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves because of the three types of negative thinking that occur automatically. when we are depressed these thoughts come to us.
78
who are the two researchers for cognitive explanations of depresssion
beck and ellis
79
what model does ellis propose
abc model
80
what did ellis believe about depression
good mental health is the result of rational thinking (ways of thinking that allow people to be happy and free of pain). anxiety and depression stem from irrational thoughts.
81
what does the abc model illustrate
how irrational thoughts affect our behaviour and emotional state
82
what do the a, b, and c stand for
a - activating event b - beliefs c - consequences
83
what did ellis suggest about activating events
we get depressed when we experience negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs.
84
examples of activating events
failing a test or ending a relatonship
85
explain beliefs in ellis abc model
- belief we must always succeed - belief that life is always meant to be fair
86
what type of consequences is it in ellis abc model
emotional and behavioural
87
example of consequences
if you believe you must always succeed and then fail at something this can trigger depression
88
what does cbt begin with
an assessment in which the patient and therapist work together to clarify patients problems and put together a plan
89
how does becks triad link to cbt
idea behind cbt is to identify negative triad and then challenge this
90
what is set in cbt
homework such as recording when someone is nice to the patient. this can be played back in later sessions.
91
how does rebt extend abc model
extends to abcde
92
what do d and e stand for in extended abc model
d - dispute e - effect
93
what is the central technique of rebt
to identify and dispute irrational thoughts
94
what is the hallmark of rebt
vigorous argument
95
what is behavioural activation
therapist may encourage a depressed patient to be more active and engage in enjoyable activities
96
what did lewis study
family genetics and likelihood of developing ocd
97

PSYCHOLOGY (16 decks)

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