APPROACHES Flashcards
1
Q
who is the father of psych
A
wilhelm wundt
2
Q
where was the first psych lab opened
A
leipzig, germany
3
Q
what year was the first psych lab open
A
1879
4
Q
what was wundt interested in
A
human consciousness
5
Q
what was wundts method
A
introspection
6
Q
how did wundt perform introspetion
A
structuralism
7
Q
how was wundt’s method scientific
A
- all introspections recorded under strictly controlled conditions using same stimulus every time
- same standardised instructions
8
Q
name two philosophers who helped originate psychological thought
A
descartes and substance dualism, locke and empiricism
9
Q
what order do the approaches come in
A
psychodynamic -> behaviourism -> humanism -> cognitive -> social learning theory -> biological -> cognitive neuroscience
10
Q
what is classical conditioning
A
learning through association
11
Q
what are the three consequences of behaviour in operant conditioning
A
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
12
Q
outline and evaluate wundts role in the emergence of psychology as a science (8)
A
- wilhelm wundt is often regarded as the ‘father of psychology’.
- he was able to distinguish psychology as a separate discipline to philosophy; psychology was previously only known as ‘experimental philosophy’.
- he drew inspiration from key philosophical figures such as descartes who developed descartian dualism and locke who upheld empiricism.
- he opened the first psychology lab in leipzig, germany in the 1970s.
- his method used introspection which involved looking into the mind of his patients. he used a technique called structuralism to analyse thoughts.
- a strength of his work is that it had scientific elements that are still used in modern day psychology. for instance, his method was highly controlled, the instructions he gave to patients were standardised which increases replicability. many followed his practices such as the behaviourists who followed the same scientific approach.
- however, his approach of introspection can be criticised for being idiographic as it focuses on the experience of the individual and so his findings were not generalisable.
13
Q
describe wundt’s role in the development of psychology
A
- wundt is regarded as the ‘father of psychology’
- he took inspiration from great philsophers such as descartes and his substance dualism and locke and his empiricism.
- he turned psychology into its own discipline by separating it from ‘experimental philosophy’.
- he set up the first psychology lab in leipzig germany in the 1870s.
- his approach centres on introspection which involves looking into the patients mind.
- in his investigations, patients were to write down their own conscious thought.
- breaking this down was labelled structuralism.
- his method which had elements of scientific research in inspired the growth of psychology. this is seen in the behaviourists who replicated his scientific approach to learn about human behaviour.
14
Q
strengths of pavlov
A
- use of scientific method (testable hypothesis, controlled conditions, standardised procedure) so good reliability
- nomothetic
15
Q
limitations of pavlov
A
- classical conditioning cannot explain all behaviour like spontaneous acts such as dying your hair blue so limited external validity
- deterministic
- ethical issues with animals
16
Q
strengths of skinner
A
- good real world application, explains maintenance of phobias
- scientific (standardised, controlled conditions, good reliability, falsifiable)
17
Q
limitations of skinner
A
- cannot explain why people repeat unpleasent behaviours such as self-harm or smoking
- ethics animal study
- environmentally reductionist
18
Q
what are the 4 mediational processes
A
attention
retention
motivation
motor reproduction
19
Q
strengths of slt
A
- less reductionist and deterministic than behaviourism
- good real-world application, with token economies
20
Q
limitations of slt
A
- research into slt tends to consist of lab experiments
- cannot account for behaviours which are observed frequently eg domestic violence
21
Q
aims of banduras study
A
to investigate the effect of observed aggression on children’s behaviour and to investigate the effect of same-sex modelling on children’s aggressive behaviour
22
Q
how many ppts in banduras study - how many male/female
A
72
male - 36
female - 36
23
Q
age of banduras ppts
A
aged between 37-69 months
24
Q
where were children in banduras study taken from
A
stanford university nursery
25
why type of design was banduras experiment and how did he do this
matched pairs, nursery staff rated each child's aggression before experiment and matched pairs based on this
26
what were the three conditions of bandura experiment
1- aggressive model
2 - non-aggressive model
3 - control
27
what is good about aggressive condition
pre-determined, standardised behaviour eg hitting with a toy hammer
28
how long did ppts observe model
10 minutes
29
what was done to ensure baseline across conditions
aggression arousal, each child told that they could not play with the toys in the new room as they were being saved for other children
30
how were ppts observed bobo doll
covert - one way mirror
31
differences in boys and girls bobo doll
boys more physically aggressive, girls more verbally aggressive, children more likely to imitate behaviour of same-sex role model
32
strength of bandura study
- well-controlled, standardised lab study
- fuelled much debate to exposure of violence in video games
33
limitations of bandura study
- low ecological validity
- ethical issues: rating aggression is intrusive and possibly bias, alarmed and distressed children
34
assumption of the cognitive approach
internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically
35
what areas of human thinking does the cognitive approach investigate that were previously neglected
memory, perception, thinking
36
how do cognitive psychologists investigate internal mental processes
inference from findings of research
37
ex of inferences in cognitive research
- peterson and peterson stm duration of 18 seconds
- becks cognitive triad infers depression based on dysfunctional thought processes
38
what models do cog. psychs use
theoretical and computer models
39
ex of theoretical model
msm
40
what is the flow of information in msm
input - storage - retrieval
41
elements of human mind justifying computer model
coding, storage, output
42
computer models are the basis for the development of...
artificial intelligence
43
strengths of cognitive approach
- good application and contributed to development of ai
- soft determinism, flexibility, acknowledges free will
44
limitations of cognitive approach
- machine reductionism
- lacks external validity as imp can only be inferred
45
what does cognitive neuroscience investigate the relationship between
cognition and neural mechanisms, brain chemistry and brain structure
46
early example of mapping brain areas to specific cognitive functions
1860s - broca identified how damage to frontal lobe/broca's area could permanently impair speech production
47
how has cognitive neuroscience developed in recent years
advances in brain imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET scans which describe neurological basis of mental processes
48
ex of cognitive neuroscience in recent years
tulving - different types of ltm on different sides of preforontal cortex
maguire - taxi study increased volume of grey matter in the posterior hippocampi
49
what has expanded the use of cn recently
computer-generated models which 'read' the brain, leading to mind mapping techniques (brain 'fingerprinting')
50
practical application of computer generated models
in healthcare - diagnostically and during surgery. this can determine the best surgical approach to remove brain tumors, treat traumatic brain injuries, and to guide surgeons during procedures
51
relationship between cn and mental disorders
