ATTACHMENT Flashcards
1
Q
how does attachment begin
A
through interactions between infants and their caregivers
2
Q
what has a strong effect on the development of attachment
A
the responsiveness of caregiver
3
Q
what is reciprocity
A
babies signalling that they are ready for interaction with ‘alert phases’ and the caregiver responding
4
Q
study for reciprocity
A
feldman and eidelman OR brazelton
5
Q
explain feldman and eidelman study
A
mothers typically responded to their babies alert phases 2/3 of the time
6
Q
from what age is interaction increasingly frequent
A
3 months
7
Q
how does brazelton describe reciprocity
A
like a dance, babies have an active role in attachment
8
Q
what is interactional synchrony
A
the temporal coordination of micro-level social behaviour (mother and infant interactions mirror each other)
9
Q
who provided the definition of interactional synchrony
A
feldman
10
Q
researchers for interactional synchrony
A
meltzoff and moore and isabella
11
Q
procedure of meltzoff and moore
A
observed beginning of interactional synchrony in infants as young as two weeks, the adult would perform 1/3 facial expressions, the child’s response would be filmed and identified
12
Q
results of meltzoff and moore
A
association between gesture and baby action
13
Q
isabella procedure
A
observed 30 mothers and infants together and assessed degree of synchrony and quality of mother-infant attachment
14
Q
results of isabella study
A
the more frequent the synchrony, the better the quality of the relationship
15
Q
schaffer and emerson procedure
A
studied 60 infants from glasgow, mainly working class, studied from 5-23 wks to 1 year old, every 4 wks the mother would report on separation situations, the intensity of protest and who this protest was directed at
16
Q
research support for mother-infant attchment
A
schaffer and emerson - the majority of babies became attached to their mother first at 7 months
17
Q
what percentage of babies formed an attachment with the father by 18 months
A
75%
18
Q
researcher for less important role of father
A
grossman
19
Q
what did grossman find
A
quality of infant attachment to mothers but not fathers was related to children’s attachment in adolescence so fathers attachment less important
however, the quality of fathers play with infants was related to quality of adolescent attachments suggesting fathers role is a playmate
20
Q
what type of study was grossmans
A
longitudinal
21
Q
who suggested that fathers can be the primary caregiver
A
field
22
Q
procedure of field
A
filmed 4 month old babies in FtF interaction with primary caregiver mothers, secondary caregiver fathers and primary caregiver fathers
23
Q
results of field on primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
A
spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers
24
Q
conclusion of field’s study
A
fathers can be the more nurturing attachment figure, the key to the attachment relationship is the level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent
25
how is attachment categorised
proximity seeking, separation anxiety, secure-base behaviour
26
what did schaffer and emerson aim to investigate
the formation of early attachments; in particular the age they develop, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed
27
what was schaffer and emersons procedure
- 60 babies (29 female, 31 male)
- all were from Glasgow and majority from skilled working class families
- babies and their mothers were visited at home every month for the first year and again at 18 months
- researchers asked mothers questions about kind of protest their baby showed in seven everyday separations EG adult leaving room
- also assessed stranger anxiety
28
schaffer and emerson findings
- between 25-32wks of age about 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety to particular adult (usually mother)
- attachment tended to be to caregiver who was most responsive/interactive/sensitive (reciprocity)
- by 40wks, 80% of babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments
29
what are the 4 stages of attachment
asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple
30
describe asocial attachment
behaviour between human and non-human is similar, some preference for familiar adults, babies happier in presence of humans
31
when is asocial attachement
0-8wks
32
describe indiscriminate attachment
preference for people rather than objects, recognise and prefer familiar adults, usually accept comfort from anyone
33
when is indiscriminate attachment
2-7 months
34
describe specific attachment
stranger and separation anxiety from one particular adult (mother 65% of the time), adult is termed primary caregiver, the person who responds to signals the most
35
when is specific attachment
from 7 months
36
describe multiple attachments
extend attachments to multiple attachments -> secondary attachments, 29% of children had secondary within month of primary
37
when is multiple attachments
by the age of 1 year
38
why are animal studies interesting for psychologists
attachment-like behaviour is common to a range of species and so animal studies can help us to understand attachment in humans
39
name the two animal researchers
harlow and lorenz
40
procedure of lorenz
classic experiment, randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs. 1/2 with mother. 1/2 in incubator where first moving object they saw was lorenz.
41
findings of lorenz study
incubator group followed lorenz everywhere whereas control followed mother goose. when two groups were mixed, incubator still followed lorenz and control their mother.
42
what phenomenon did lorenz identify
imprinting
43
what is imprinting
bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see.
44
why do birds imprint
survival advantage
45
what did lorenz identify as part of imprinting
critical period - if imprinting does not occur in this time, it never will
46
effect of imprinting on later life
if imprint on human, later courtship behaviours to humans
47
lorenz case study on sexual imprinting
a peacock reared in reptile house of zoo would only direct courtship towards giant tortoises
48
procedure of harlow study
- reared 16 baby rhesus monkeys
- wire mother and cloth mother
- condition 1 - milk dispensed by wire mother
- condition 2 - milk dispensed by cloth mother
49
findings of harlow study
- baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother
- sought comfort from cloth mother when scared in both conditions
- contact comfort more important than food/cupboard love
50
what was the effect on maternally deprived monkeys adulthood
- severe!
- monkeys reared with wire mothers most dysfunctional however even cloth mothers reared did not develop normal social behaviour
- more aggressive, less sociable, bred less, unskilled at mating
- as mothers, neglected, attacked and killed young
51
critical period for infant monkey
90 days
52
who proposed that caregiver-infant interactions can be explained by learning theory
dollard and miller
53
alternative name for learning theory approach
cupboard love - children love whoever feeds them
54
explain classical conditioning for attachment
food (UCS) -> pleasure (UCR)
caregiver (NS) + food (UCS) -> pleasure (UCR)
caregiver (CS) -> pleasure (CR)
55
explain operant conditioning for attachment
learning to repeat behaviour or not based on consequences
- crying leads to response from caregiver, positively reinforced when response is met with 'social suppressor' behaviour
- two-way process, adult negatively reinforced when crying stops
56
what does learning theory also draw on other than conditioning
drive reduction - hunger as primary drive, attachment as secondary drive
57
whose theory is the dominant theory of attachment
bowlby
58
what theory did bowlby reject
learning theory - infants do not all readily take to whoever feeds them
59
what is bowlbys theory based off of
animal studies - evolutionary explanation that attachment is innate and provides survival advantage
60
what is bowlbys theory called
monotropic because he emphasised role of one caregiver whose role is different and more important than others. the more time spent together, the better.
61
what principles does bowlby put forward
law of continuity - the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better the quality of their attachment
law of accumulated separation - the effects of every separation of the mother add up and the safest dose is therefore 0
62
what are social releasers
set of innate cute behaviours like smiling, cooing and gripping that encourage attention from adults
63
what is the critical period/sensitive period according to bowlby
2 years
64
what does a child form from caregiver (bowlby)
internal working model
65
who proposed the strange situation
ainsworth
66
what behaviours are looked for in strange situation
- proximity seeking
- exploration and secure-base
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- response upon reunion
67
design of strange situation
controlled, lab, covert
68
how many stages in strange situation
7
69
what three attachment types did ainsworth identify
- secure (explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver, show moderation separation and stranger anxiety, require and accept comfort on reunion)
- insecure-avoidant (explore freely but do not seek proximity, little or not reaction when caregiver leaves, little stranger anxiety)
- insecure-resistant (seek greater proximity, explore less, huge stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort upon reunion)
70
percent of british toddlers and attachment type
secure - 60-75%
i-a - 20-25%
i-r - 3%
71
who did cross-cultural study of strange situation
van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
72
procedure of van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
located 32 studies of attachment where strange situation had been used to investigate proportions of infants with different attachment types: conducted in 8 countries - 15 in the usa! overall yielded results for 1990 children. data was meta-analysed
73
findings of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg
wide variation of proportion of attachment types. secure always most common but varied. i-r overall least common.
74
secure attachment in china vs uk
china - 50%
UK - 75%
75
i-r attachment in israel vs uk
israel - 30%
uk - 3%
76
where was i-a most and least common
most - germany
least - japan
77
what did bowlby develop first - theory of maternal deprivation or of attachment?
maternal deprivation
78
idea behind bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
the continual presence of nurture from a mother is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers - being separated has serious consequences
79
distinction between separation and depriavtion
separation - the child not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure
deprivation - losing an element of the caregivers' care
80
what are the two effects on development of maternal deprivation
1 intellectual development
2 emotional development
81
what does effect on emotional development lead to
affectionless psychopathy
82
what is affectionless psychopathy
the inability to feel guilt or strong emotions for others
83
why is affectionless psychopathy linked to criminality
affectionless psychopaths cannot appreciate the feelings of victims and so lack remorse for their actions
84
what study examined link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
44 thieves - bowlby
85
procedure of 44 thieves
44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing, all 'thieves' interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, families also interviewed so find out if thieves had prolonged early separation from their mothers, control group of non-criminal but emotionally disturbed young children set up to see how often maternal deprivation occured in non-thief children
86
researcher for italian strange situation
simonella
87
simonella findings
50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant
88
simonella conclusion
lower rate of secure attachment because mothers are increasingly putting their children in childcare for the long hours they work
89
bowlby 44 thieves study results
14/44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths! - of this 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation in first two years of life. only 5/remaining 30 had experienced separations. of control, only 2/44 had experienced long separations.
90
backstory behind romanian orphan studies
former president, ceaucescu, required romanian women to have five children, many parents could not afford to keep their children and they ended up in huge orphanages with poor conditions, after the 1989 revolution many of these children were adopted by british parents
91
rutter sample
165 romanian orphans adopted in britain
92
what was rutter trying to test
what extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions
93
procedure of rutter experiment
physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15 years. a group of 52 british children adopted around the same time acted as controls.
94
romanian orphans when they first arrived in the uk
signs of delayed intellectual development and majority severely malnourished
95
what correlation did rutter identify
at age 11, children showed differential rates of recovery that were related to their age of adoption
96
mean iq of children adopted before age of 6 months vs between 6 months and 2 years vs after 2 years
before 6 months - 102
between 6 months and 2 years - 86
after 2 years - 77
97
what type of attachment did children adopted after 6 months old display
disinhibited
98
what are the symptoms of a disinhibited attachment
attention seeking, clinginess, social behaviour directed indiscriminately toward all adults
99
what type of attachment style did children adopted after 6 months display
rarely displayed disinhibited
100
researcher for bucharest early intervention project
zeanah
101
zeanah sample - bei
95 children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in institutional care (90% on average)
102
zeanah procedure - bei
95 children compared to 50 controls who had never lived in an institution, assess attachment using strange situation and ask carers questions on unusual social behaviour including clingy, attention-seeking behaviour directed inappropriately toward all adults (disinhibited attachment)
103
did zeanah measure attachment type
strange situation
104
zeanah findings on secure attachements
74% of control were secure attachments
19% institutional group secure attachments and 65% had a disorganised attachment
105
zeanah findings on disinhibited attachments
44% of institutionalised children
less than 20% of controls
106
what are the two effects of institutionalisation
disinhibited attachment and mental retardation
107
compare disinhibited attachment to schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
disinhibited children react similarly to all adults despite if they know them well or if they're strangers
specific and multiple attachments
108
how does rutter explain disinhibited attachment
an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period, in romania a child could've had 50 carers none of whom they see enough to form a secure attachment
109
at what age did the experimental group catch up with the control intellectually (rutter)
4 years if adopted before 6 months
110
how are secure attachment and insecure attachment linked to quality of childhood friendship
secure - go on to form the best quality childhood friendships
insecure - friendship difficulties
111
researcher for insecure attachments struggling to form childhood relationships
kerns
112
who suggested bullying behaviour can be predicted by attachment type
myron-wilson and smith
113
myron-wilson and smith procedure
assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires
114
myron-wilson and smith sample
196 children age 7-11 from london
115
results of myron-wilson and smith study
secure children very unlikely to be involved in bullying
insecure-avoidant children were most likely to be victims
insecure-resistant children most likely to be bullies
116
study for relationships in adulthood with romantic partners reflecting internal working model based on attachment types
mccarthy
117
mccarthy sample
40 adult women who had been assessed as infants to discover their early attachment type
118
mccarthy findings
securely attached infants had the best adult friendships and romantic relationships
insecure-resistant had problems maintaining friendships
insecure-avoidant struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships
119
who conducted love quiz
hazan and shaver
120
procedure of love quiz
analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in american local newspaper, quiz had three sections:
1 assess current/most important relationship
2 assess general love experiences such as number of partners
3 assess attachment type
121
proportions of attachment in love quiz
56% secure
25% i-a
19% i-r
122
attachment link with relationships
secure most likely to have good and long lasting romantic relationships
i-a were jealous and feared intimacy
123
what did bailey find on relationships in adulthood as a parent
the majority of women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their own mothers
