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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A
  • Statistical infrequency
  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
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2
Q

Strengths of Statistical infrequency

A
  • used in clinical practice for diagnosis
  • a way of assessing severity of symptoms
  • increased value for definition
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3
Q

Limitations of Statistical infrequency

A
  • Detrimental terms of labelling
  • Positives to abnormality (high IQ)
  • Cannot be only used for defining abnormality
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4
Q

Strengths of Deviation from social norms

A
  • Anti-social personality is failure to conform to socially accepted behaviour
  • applications to psychiatry
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5
Q

Limitations of Deviation from social norms

A
  • people may label others as abnormal due to cultural differences
  • difficult to judge and apply over different situations
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6
Q

Strengths of Failure to function

A
  • Represents threshold for help needed
  • 25% of people in UK will experience a mental health problem
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7
Q

Limitations of Failure to function

A
  • Socially sensitive concept (some cant access needs to function properly)
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8
Q

Strengths of Deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • Application to Real life / therapy (person centred therapy; humanistic, no judgement, unconditional positive regard)
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9
Q

Limitations of Deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • Unrealistic expectations on how ‘normal people’ feel
  • Culturally bound (some value independence more)
  • Extremely high standards
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10
Q

definition of Statistical Infrequency

A

a way to define something as abnormal by how often we come across it - any usual behaviour is ‘normal’

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11
Q

definition of Deviation from Social Norms

A

when a persons behaviour differs from how a group of people would deem normal - affects their sense of what is acceptable

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12
Q

definition of Failure to Function Properly

A

when someone is so abnormal that they can no longer cope with everyday tasks - basic hygiene, nutrition, maintaining a job, maintaining relationships

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13
Q

what did Rosenhan and Seligman find?

A

additional signs of Failure to Function
- if a person experiences severe personal distress
- if a persons behaviour becomes irrational or dangerous

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14
Q

definition of Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A

when someone differs from what is considered ideal / normal within society

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15
Q

what did Jahoda find?

A

Good mental health follows a criteria
- No symptoms of distress
- Rational and can perceive ourselves accurately
- We can self actualise
- We can cope with stress
- We have a realistic view on the world
- Good self esteem & lack guilt

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16
Q

what are obsessions in OCD?

A

recurring, distressing thoughts that cause a person mental discomfort (e.g. thoughts of germs all around you)

17
Q

what are Compulsions in OCD?

A

the behavioural aspect as a result of the obsession that is a response to the obsessions in order to help calm the thoughts (washing hands to rid of germs)

18
Q

what is the OCD cycle?

A

Anxiety & distress (any distressing emotion) –> Compulsions (any behaviour that is done to make the distress go away) –> Temporary relief (obsessions will come back) –> Obsessions (unwanted thoughts, urges and mental images)

19
Q

what is a Candidate Gene in OCD?

A

specific genes which create a vulnerability for OCD

20
Q

what does Poly-Genetic mean in OCD?

A

not a single gene but a combination of genes involved in OCD - (Taylor 230 different genes in OCD)

21
Q

what is the COMT gene?

A

it regulates production of dopamine

22
Q

what is the SERT gene?

A

it affects the transmission of serotonin - creating lower levels

23
Q

what did Lewis observe about the Genetic explaination of OCD?

A

observed people with OCD - 37% of people had parents with OCD - 21% had siblings with OCD

24
Q

what is a Diathesis-stress model?

A

some genes leave people more vulnerable to developing the disorder - supports nature vs nurture

25
Q

what is the role of the Frontal Lobe in the Neural explanation for OCD

A
  • responsible for decision making skills / logical thinking
  • some OCD cases have been associated with impaired functioning
26
Q

what is the role of the Parahippocampal Gyrus in the Neural explanation for OCD

A
  • associated with processing unpleasant emotions
  • has been linked with abnormal functioning in OCD
27
Q

what is the Worry Circuit?

A
  • The Orbital Frontal Cortex converts sensory information into thoughts and actions (notices when something is wrong and sends a ‘worry signal’ to the Thalimus
  • The Thalimus receives the ‘worry signal’ and send signals to the Caudate Nucleus
  • The Caudate Nucleus stops the Thalimus from worrying (in OCD this is thought to be impared and cant supress the signals)
28
Q

How do Twin Studies show the biological explanation for OCD?

A
  • 68% of monozygotic twins shared OCD
  • 31% of dizygotic twins shared OCD
29
Q

what are the limitations of Twin Studies for the biological explaination for OCD?

A
  • may have grown up in a similar environment (more difficult to extract a cause)
  • may not be applicable to non-twins
  • no control over confounding variables
30
Q

How do Antidepressants show the biological explanation for OCD?

A
  • can be explained by faulty serotonin systems which can be overcome by antidepressants
31
Q

what are the limitations of Antidepressants for the biological explaination for OCD?

A
  • they are not permanent
  • there are side effects
  • comorbidity (other factors may be effecting corellation)
32
Q

how to SSRI’s work to treat OCD?

A

it blocks the pre-synaptic terminal and blocks recycling causing Serotonin to have more chance of binding to the receptor site

33
Q

what are strenghts of SSRI’s?

A
  • can be used alongside CBT to treat OCD
  • they can reduce the emotional aspects of OCD
  • after drug treatment clients may engage in more CBT
34
Q

what are some alternatives to SSRI’s?

A
  • Tricyclics (have more severe side effects and only prescribed when SSRI’s dont work)
  • SNRI’s (increased levels of serotonin levels and other neurotransmitters like noradrenaline)
  • Benzodiapines (slow the activity of the CNS making it harder for the neurons to be stimulated - creating relaxation)
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psychology AS (22 decks)

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