Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology AS > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 stores in the MSM model?

A

Sensory register —> Short term Memory —> Long term Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the Sensory register do?

A

receives raw sense impressions
- Attention passed info into STM
- Coding = modality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the STM do?

A
  • receives info from the SR by Attention or from the LTM by Retrieval
  • keeps info by maintenance rehearsal
  • coding = acoustic
  • duration = approx 18 secs
  • capacity = 7 +- 2 items
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the LTM do?

A
  • very long/ permanent memory storage
  • to use info it must be Retrieved to the STM
  • coding = semantic
  • duration = very long/ permanent
  • capacity = theoretically unlimited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Strengths of MSM

A
  • Glazner & Cunitz found the LTM and STM are separate. Words at the start and end of word list are recalled more easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

research proving capacity of MSM

A
  • Spearing (recall of a random row of a 12 letter grid was 75% suggests all rows are stored in SR)
  • Jacobs (recall for lists averaged 7 items for letters and 9 for numbers. capacity of 7 +- 2)
  • Wagenaar (tested himself on his 2400 diary entries and found 75% recall for critical details. suggests very large storage of LTM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

research proving duration of MSM

A
  • Sperling (recall of a random row of a 12 letter grid was 75% all 12 could not be written as they were forgot too quickly)
  • Peterson & Peterson (recall of 3 letter trigrams was less than 10% after 18 secs if performing an interfering task. suggest short STM duration)
  • Bahrick (recall of school peers names from photos was 90% after 15 years and 80% after 48 years. suggests LTM duration is very long/ maybe limitless)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

research proving coding of MSM

A
  • Baddely (four 10 word lists were given to participants, words were acoustically similar or dissimilar and semantically similar or dissimilar. immediate recall was worse for acoustically similar words and recall after 20 mins was worse for semantically similar words. Suggests STM is coded acoustically and LTM is coded semantically)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

weaknesses of MSM

A

-research is highly artificial (low mundane realism) which reduces ecological validity
- there are different types of LTM and WMM explains STM in more detail
- the capacity of STM can be altered (age or practice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the Types of LTM?

A
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are Episodic Memories?

A
  • experiences/ events
  • time stamped
  • declarative
  • recalled consciously
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are Semantic Memories?

A
  • facts, meanings and knowledge
  • declarative
  • recalled consciously
  • not time stamped
  • episodic becomes semantic over time
  • longer lasting than episodic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are Procedural Memories?

A
  • unconscious memories of skills
  • often learnt in childhood
  • non-declarative
  • not recalled consciously
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

strengths for types of LTM

A
  • Vargha-Khadem (children with damage to hippocampus had episodic amnesia but could still learn and retain semantic info)
  • Clive Wearing (has retrograde amnesia so can’t remember episodic memories but can remember facts about his life and can play the piano. semantic, episodic and procedural are all separate)
  • Tulving (fMRIs identified which types of LTM memory are associated with different parts of the brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

limitation of types of LTM

A
  • generalising the findings of ideographic clinical cases to explain how memory works in the wider population is problematic
  • types of LTM may not be truest distinct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who developed the Working Memory Model?

A

Baddely and Hitch - an active processor made of multiple stores - made to replace the STM

17
Q

what is the WMM made up of?

A
  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer
18
Q

what is the Central executive?

A
  • receives sense information
  • controls attention and filters info before passing on to the subsystems
  • limited capacity (4)
  • capable of dealing with 1 strand of info at a time
19
Q

what is the Phonological loop?

A
  • processes sound info
  • acoustic coding
  • made up of: Primary Acoustic Store (inner ear, storing recent words) & Articulatory Process (inner voice, storing sub-vocal repetition)
  • capacity of 2 secs
20
Q

what is the Visio-spatial sketchpad?

A
  • processes visual and spatial info
  • made up of: Visual Cache (passive store of form and colour) & Inner Scribe (active store of relationships in 3D space)
21
Q

what is the Episodic buffer?

A
  • a general store to hold and combine info from VSS, PL, CE and LTM
22
Q

strength of the WMM

A
  • Baddely (when doing two visual tasks it was found that performance was much better when the tasks were not using the same processing. this suggests the VSS and PL are different subsystems)
  • Shallice and Warrington (KF has a selective impairment to his verbal STM but visual functioning was not affected. suggests PL and VSS are in separate brain regions)
  • Baddely (found participants could recall more short words than long words. suggests PL is the time it says to say the words approx 2 secs, word length effect)
  • the WMM seems more accurate than the STM components of the MSM in describing how memory is used as an active processor
23
Q

limitations of WMM

A
  • low external validity due to low mundane realism making it less generalisable
  • the Central executive is a concept without full explanation of its function
  • inferences must be made due to it being impossible to directly observe the processes of memory
24
Q

what is interference theory?

A

we forget because our long term memories get disrupted by other information when it is coded

25
Q

what are the 2 types of interference?

A
  • proactive interference
  • retroactive interference
26
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

new information being stored disrupts recall of old info

27
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

old information already stored interferes with recalling something new

28
Q

what factors increase chance of interference?

A
  • Similarity: when two pieces of info are similar interference increases due to response competition
  • Time sensitivity: interference is less likely when there is a large gap between learning
29
Q

what is cue dependant forgetting?

A

information is in the LTM but forgetting happens due to the absence of appropriate cues/ prompts encoded at the same time

30
Q

what are Context dependent cues?

A

aspects of our external environment work as cues (sight, sounds, smells) being in a different place inhibits memory

31
Q

what is state dependant cues?

A

aspects of our internal environment work as cue to memory (emotions, drugs, arousal) being in a different emotional state inhibits memory

32
Q

what are strengths for Interference?

A
  • retroactive: Schmidt (questionnaire for 211 11-79 year olds with a map of the area around their old schools without street names. the more times someone moved house the fewest street names could be recalled. suggests having had more street names made recalling old names harder)
  • proactive: Greenberg & Underwood (participants given a list of 10 word pairs and were given a new list every 48 hours. found the number of correctly recalled word pairs decreased the more word pairs learnt previously. suggest the later learnt words interfered with the previous ones)
33
Q

limitation of interference?

A
  • only explains forgetting when 2 sets of info are similar and learnt close together in time. therefore struggles to explain day-to-day example of forgetting
34
Q

strengths of Cue dependant forgetting

A
  • context dependent: Godden & Baddely (material was learnt underwater and on land. recall was better with divers if learnt in the same environment they were tested in. suggests environmental cues promote recall)
  • state dependent: Overton (Material learnt drunk and sober. found recall was better when in the same internal state. suggests internal cues promote recall)
  • research into forgetting has practical applications; students can develop effective revision strategies and the techniques of the cognitive interview
35
Q

limitations of cue dependant forgetting?

A
  • interference and cue dependent forgetting only explain a temporary loss of information. may not be a valid explaination of forgetting
36
Q
A

psychology AS (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions