Gender (to-do) Flashcards

Question

Strengths of Gender Consistency Theory

Answer 1

Supporting Research - Damon found that children aged 4 thought it was fine for a boy to play with dolls but children aged 6 thought it was wrong - Suggests Kohlberg was right about gender appropriate behaviours developing at age 6 Supporting evidence - Slaby & Frey asked young children a series of question such as "when you grow up will you be a mummy or a daddy?" - the answers given showed they did not recognise these traits were consistent until ages 3/4 - agrees with Kohlbergs ages and features for gender stability

Answer 2

Methodological issues - Bem found that 40% of children aged 3-5 were able to constancy if shown a naked picture of the child-to-be-identified first - demonstrating its about physical differences not the clothes and hairstyles

Answer 3

Research Support - Martin & Halverson found that children were more likely to be able to recall photos of gender appropriate behaviour than gender inappropriate after a week - they also found the children would alter the gender inappropriate behaviour to make it appropriate on recall Cultural Differences - Cherry argues that gender schema influence what counts as culturally appropriate gender behaviour - Traditional cultures will raise children with schemas consistent to this view - Societies with less rigid perceptions of gender will raise children with more fluid gender schema

Answer 4

Earlier Gender Identity - Zosuls did a longitudinal study of 82 children from mothers reports of childrens language from 9-21 months - The key measure of gender identity was taken from when children labelled themselves as 'boy' or 'girl' - This occured on average at 19 months / when the baby could first communicate - This suggested Martin & Halverson underestimated childrens ability to label themselves

Answer 5

Psychodynamic explanation - in the phallic stage of development buys develop an incestuous feeling towards their mothers - this leads to hatred for their father - but still fears his father due to feeling castration anxiety - to resolve this conflict the boy gives up his love for his mother and identifies with his father

Answer 6

Psychodynamic explanation - during phallic stage girls feel Penis Envy - they feel resentment towards their mother as they are competing for their fathers love - over time girls accept they have no penis and the penis envy turns into desire to have children - they eventually identify with their mothers

Answer 7

a case study from Freud - Hans was a 5 year old who had a fear of being bitten by a horse - Freuds interpretation of this was the fear of being bitten representing castration anxiety - Freud suggested that the fear was an unconscious defence mechanism of displacement

Answer 8

Freud theory requires the presence of a father figure - Rekers and Morey rated the gender identity of 43 boys based off interviews - Those who were gender disturbed 75% had no father figure

Answer 9

Stevenson and Black - did a meta analysis of 67 studies - found buys over 6 without a father figure showed more masculine behaviours than boys with fathers use of Case Study - this made lead to researcher bias, reduced generalisability, hard to replicate, expensive and time consuming.

Answer 10

- children will see others vicarious reinforced for sex-appropriate behaviour - they will see differential reinforcement in boys and girls being reinforced for different behaviours - children will imitate role models they identify with (usually same gender)

Answer 11

Smith and Lloyd - 32 new mothers recorded playing with an unknown 6 month old baby - the babies were either dressed as a boy or a girl - the first toy offered to the male babies was a toy hammer - the first toy for the girls was a doll - suggests differential reinforcement Rust - gender behaviour was measured in 2000 children with a sibling and 3000 children without - those with an older brother demonstrated more masculine behaviour - those with an older sister had more feminine behaviour - siblings as role models leads to gender development like them

Answer 12

doesn't explain development with age - modelling can occur at any age - illogical that a 2 year old would learn the same as a 9 year old - Conflicts with Kohlberg's theory

Answer 13

is it reinforced by peers, teachers, and parents - cultural variation in gender suggests SLT processes

Answer 14

Gender normative roles are displayed as attractive and rewarded in media - media personalities act as symbolic models - media reinforces cultural stereotypes form the cultures it was created in

Answer 15

when people feel a mismatch from their biological gender and what they feel they are - is a source of stress and discomfort

Answer 16

suggests Gender Dysphoria is based in brain structure - controlled by the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BST) - said to be bigger in men than women - transgender women have same size as women

Answer 17

Coolidge et al assessed 157 pairs of twins for gender dysphoria - found 62% of variance could be genetic factors

Answer 18

Hulshoff Pol et al - found that BST could be due to hormone treatment rather than dysphoria In the studies Brain Sex Theory is based off the examinations of the brain was done post mortem - meaning the hormone replacement would've taken place Socially sensitive - labelling gender dysphoria as a mental disorder may be socially sensitive

Answer 19

Rametti et al - found a difference in white matter in the brain between males and females - the white matter would be representative of what the person viewed their gender as rather than biological

Answer 20

its the idea the gender dysphoria arises from being forces to be male or female