Psychology in youth sport and models Flashcards
What is the definition of sport
Sport: “a regulated form of physical activity organised as a contest between two or more participants for the purpose of determining a winner by fair and ethical means”
3 Key Factors in Youth Sport Psychology?
- Youth athletes are not “mini-adults”
- Working with young athletes requires a grasp of
important developmental principles - Young athletes are individuals with unique personal
characteristics and preferences
Benefits to Psychology in
Youth Sport?
- Help manage emotions
- Cope with stress and pressure
- Proactively teaching skills
- Enhance positive sports experiences
- Aid development of life skills
Barriers to Psychology in
Youth Sport
- Perceptions of psychology
- Lack of understanding
- Worry re. peer perceptions
- experiences Issues of confidentiality
- Resistance from adults
definition of CHILDHOOD
A developmental period that occurs in the first decade of life
definition of ADOLESCENCE
A developmental period that occurs primarily during the second decade of life
definition of CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
Age of child based on year of birth
definition of MATURATION
Aspects of development primarily under genetic control, and which are relatively uninfluenced by the environment
definition of DEVELOPMENT
The process of change in functioning that occurs as a consequence of maturation and experience
definition of DEVELOPMENTAL AGE
Combination of maturation and experience
what is Relative age effect? (RAE)
Children born at the same time may mature faster or later in comparison to each other
why is it important to consider RAE in
youth sport?
- Some athletes may be advantaged because they are early mature
- Some athletes may be advantaged because they are late maturer
- The chronological differences in the same category lead to certain athletes
having more experience than others
- The chronological differences in the same category lead to certain athletes
- It can lead to huge developmental differences for adolescent athletes
what is the sensorimotor period and what characterises it?
Sensorimotor period (0-2) – Connect sensory experiences with motor actions
what is the preoperational stage and what characterises it?
Preoperational stage (2-7)
– Learn to solve concrete problems
– Egocentric
what is the Concrete Operations stage and what characterises it?
Concrete Operations stage (7-11)
– Use logic in thought process
what is the Formal Operations Stage and what characterises it?
Formal Operations Stage (11 onwards)
– Learn to reason logically
– Understand realm of possibility
– Understand abstract concepts may exist
What characterises development at adolescence
+
– More advanced cognitive reasoning
– Capacity for abstract thought
– Formal-operational thinking (Piaget, 1950)
– Rapid psychological growth
-
– Cannot fully link feelings to events (Vernon, 2002)
– Unlikely to be able to consider all alternatives
what are the Four key concepts for sport?
Readiness for Competition
Differentiate effort and ability
Perceptions of competence
Identify formation
What do the Four key concepts for sport entail?
1• Psychological capacities to understand competition
2• Influence of normative v individual comparisons
3• Increasingly accurate with age
4• Adolescents striving to develop sense of individualism
Development Model of Sport Participation: What is Deliberate Play?
Deliberate Play characterizes the intentional and voluntary
nature of informal sport games
Development Model of Sport Participation: What is Deliberate Practice?
Deliberate Practice is the
systematic accumulation of
practices requiring effort with the
aim to progress toward excellence.
Development Model of Sport Participation: What does Deliberate Practice entail?
Deliberate practices are described as difficult, demanding, requiring repetitions, feedbacks and may not be immediately pleasant or rewarding
what is the route for recreational sports?
- entry to sport
- sampling years
- Recreational years
what is the route for successful professional sports?
- entry to sport
- sampling years
- specializing Years
- Investment Years
what is the route for early specialisation professional sports?
- entry to sport
2. early Specialization
what does sampling years entail?
- Deliberate play(+)
- Deliberate practice (-)
- Involvement in several sports
what does recreational years entail?
• Deliberate play(+) • Deliberate practice (-) • Activities that focus on fitness and health
what does specializing Years entail?
• Deliberate play and
practice balanced
• Reduce involvement in
several sports
what does Early Specialization entail?
- Deliberate play(-)
- Deliberate practice (+)
- Focus on one sport
what does Investment Years entail?
- Deliberate play(-)
- Deliberate practice (+)
- Focus on one sport
what is the potential outcome of the recreational route?
Potential outcomes :
• Recreational sport
• Physical health (+)
• Enjoyment (+)
what is the potential outcome successful professional sports?
Potential outcomes :
• Elite performance
• Physical health (+)
• Enjoyment (+)
what is the potential outcome early specialisation professional sports?
Potential outcomes :
• Elite performance
• Physical health (-)
• Enjoyment (-)
what is postulate 1?
early diversification (sampling) does not
hinder elite sport participation in sports where peak
performance is reached after maturation
what is postulate 2?
early diversification (sampling) is linked to a longer sport career and has positive implications for long-term sport involvement
what is postulate 3?
early diversification (sampling) allows participation in a range of contexts that most favourably affects positive youth development
what is postulate 4?
high amounts of deliberate play during the sampling years
build a solid foundation of intrinsic motivation through involvement in activities that are enjoyable and promote intrinsic regulation
what is postulate 5?
a high amount of deliberate play during the sampling years
establishes a range of motor and cognitive experiences that children can ultimately bring to their principal sport of interest
what is postulate 6?
around the end of primary school (about age 13), children
should have the opportunity to either choose to specialize in their favourite sport or to continue in sport at a recreational level
what is postulate 7?
late adolescents (around age 16) have developed the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and motor skills needed to invest their effort into highly specialized training in one sport
Holistic Athletic Career model has 5 parts to it, what are they?
. athletic level . psychological level . psychosocial level . academic and vocational level . financial level
what are the 4 parts of the athletic level?
initiation 0-10
development 15-20
mastery 20-30
discontinuation 30-35
what are the 3 parts of the psychological level?
childhood 0-10
puberty 12- 21
adulthood 21+
what are the 4 parts of the psychosocial level?
parents, siblings and peers 0-10
peers, coach and parents 15-20
partner, coach, teammates and student athletes/ students 20-30
family(coach) and peers 30=
what are the 4 parts of the academic and vocational level?
primary education 0-10
secondary education 13-18
higher education and (semi) pro athlete 19-30
post athletic career 30+
what are the 5 parts of the financial level
family
family and sport governing body
sport governing body, NOC and sponsors
family
employer
what are the 3 Social Considerations with Athletes?
parents
coaches
peers
what is the influence of parents in the childhood stage?
Provide opportunities for participation; Feedback hugely influential on sport enjoyment and perceptions of competence
what is the influence of parents in the adolescence stage?
Continue to be important for
providing opportunities but
decreasing value placed on
feedback over time
what is the influence of parents in the adulthood stage?
Decreased involvement and
parents are perceived as less
important, but they still
provide emotional support
what is the influence of coaches in the childhood stage?
Very limited influence
beyond enjoyment of
opportunities
what is the influence of coaches in the adolescence stage?
Importance increases, become
significant adult members in
life. Conflict with parents
possible
what is the influence of coaches in the adulthood stage?
Athletes become more
responsible for their training
and competitions, more equal
partnership
what is the influence of peers in the childhood stage?
Limited influence beyond a social motive for participation
what is the influence of peers in the adolescence stage?
Increasingly valuable for equal
relationships and friendships;
Shape all aspects of youth
(sport) experiences
what is the influence of peers in the adulthood stage?
Increased influence of partners
and coach compare to peers
