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Term 1 > Psychology III > Flashcards

Psychology III Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent
stimulus energies from the environment

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2
Q

define perception

A

Process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information: Translating
the sensory input into something meaningful

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3
Q

Why are sensation and perception often hard to seperate?

A

Because they happen at more or or less the same time

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4
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

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5
Q

What is top down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

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6
Q

What are sense receptors

A

Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain

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7
Q

What is transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy
into another

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8
Q

The first of three steps basic to all sensory systems:

A

*Receiving sensory stimulation
through sense receptors
*Transforming stimulus
energies into neural impulses
(transduction)
*Delivering neural information
to the brain

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9
Q

What is psychophysics

A

The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

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10
Q

What did Gustave fechner question? What concept does this refer to?

A

for any given sense, what is the
weakest detectable stimulus? threshold

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11
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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12
Q

What is the subliminal threshold?

A

Stimuli that are too weak to detect 50% of the time: Input below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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13
Q

What is signal detection theory

A

Predicts how and when we will detect a faint
stimulus amid background noise

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14
Q

Individual absolute thresholds vary
depending on

A

-the strength of the signal
-impact on our psychological
states (personal experience,
expectations, motivation, and
alertness)
-circumstances

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15
Q

The detection of sensory information is influenced by two things:

A

1) Noise in the system (irrelevant
stimuli in the environment that elicit
neural activity)
2) Decision-making processes

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16
Q

What four outcomes are possible when attempting to detect the presence of weak signals

A
  1. Person detects a signal that was present (hit)
  2. Person says the signal was there when it
    wasn’t (false alarm)
  3. Person fails to detect the signal when it was
    present (miss)
  4. Person correctly says that the signal was
    absent when it was absent (correct rejection)
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17
Q

What is the difference threshold (JND)

A

The smallest difference in stimulation that can reliably be detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared

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18
Q

What is Weber’s law

A

For an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not a constant amount); the exact proportion varies, depending on the stimulus

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19
Q

What is sensory adaption

A

Reduction or disappearance of sensory
responsiveness when stimulation is
unchanging or repetitious (e.g., a pool
is only cold at first)

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20
Q

What is a preceptual set

A

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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21
Q

What determines a perceptual set

A

Schemas organize and interpret unfamiliar information through experience

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22
Q

What is wavelength

A

The distance between the peaks or troughs

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23
Q

What does wavelength effect with vision

A

colour

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24
Q

What does amplitude effect

A

intensity

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25
Q

What is frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time, depends on the length of the wave

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26
Q

The ___________ the wavelength,
the _______ the frequency

A

shorter;higher

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27
Q

Wavelength impacts the _______ of sound

A

pitch

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28
Q

What is hue?

A

Dimension of color that is determined by the
wavelength of light

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29
Q

What is brightness

A

Dimension of visual experience related to the amount or intensity of light emitted from or reflected by an object

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30
Q

What is saturation

A

Dimension of visual experience related to
the complexity of light waves

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31
Q

What are the two main purposes of the eye

A

1) Providing a “house” for the neural tissue that receives light―the retina―and, 2)
channeling light toward the retina

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32
Q

What is the retina

A

is a piece of neural tissue that lines the back of the eye: It absorbs light, processes images,
and sends information to the brain

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33
Q

What is the cornea

A

a transparent window where light enters the eye: Protects eye and bends light toward lens

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34
Q

What is the lens

A

is a crystalline structure that lies right behind the cornea and focuses the light rays on the
retina: Focuses on objects by changing shape (accommodation)

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35
Q

What is the fovea

A

tiny spot in center of
optic disc containing only cones
(This is where visual acuity is
greatest)

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36
Q

What are ganglion cells

A

Neurons in the retina that gather information from receptor cells

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37
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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38
Q

How many cones and rods

A

cones: 6-8 million
rods: 120-125 million

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39
Q

during the day we see best at the _________ of our eye. At night we see best at the__________ of our eye

A

center;side

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40
Q

How long does it take cones to adapt? Rods?

A

10 min; 20 min

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41
Q

Light energy triggers chemical
changes in the _________________,
which activate the __________ cells
These cells then activate the
ganglion cells of the _______________,
which transmits the neural
impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Rods and cones; bipolar; optic nerve

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42
Q

What is the pathway of light

A

Light > rods and cones > neural
signals > bipolar cells > ganglion
cells > optic nerve > optic
chiasm > opposite half brain >

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43
Q

The optic Chiasm

A

is where the optic nerves from the
inside half of each eye cross over and project to the opposite half brain

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44
Q

What are the two pathways in the brain for vision

A

*The main pathway goes through
the lateral geniculate nucleus in
the thalamus and on to the primary
visual cortex in the occipital lobe
*The other goes through the
superior colliculus to the thalamus
and on to the primary visual cortex

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45
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

This theory holds that the
human eye has three types of
receptors (cones) with differing
sensitivities to different light
wavelengths―one for red, one
for green, and one for blue

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46
Q

Deuteranopia

A

green colourblindness

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47
Q

Protonopia

A

less sensitive to red

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48
Q

Tritanopia

A

yellow colour blindness

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49
Q

opponent process theory

A

*Suggested that the visual system
treats pairs of colors as opposing
or antagonistic
*Three opponent pairs: red/green;
blue/yellow; black/white
*E.g., red on, green off; yellow on,
blue off; black on, white off

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50
Q

opponent process theory can be demonstrated with

A

negative afterimage

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51
Q

How does negative afterimage work

A

-ganglions fire at normal rate
*If they fire more rapidly, one color is
activated
*If they fire more slowly, the opposing
color is activated
*If we stare at something for a while,
our eyes adapt: They then
overcompensate when we change

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52
Q

complimentary colours are

A

opposite on colour wheel

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53
Q

If the colors are the same (alfredo
sauce on a white plate, or marinara
sauce on a red plate), serving sizes
______________ 22%

A

increased

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54
Q

visual processing

A

an active process and involves many types
of cells in different brain regions

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55
Q

feature detector cells

A

Nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such
as its shape, angle, or movement

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56
Q

what cells specifically respond to facial recognition

A

grandmother cells

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57
Q

According to feature detection
theory,

A

people detect specific
elements in stimuli and build
them up into recognizable forms
― bottom-up processing

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58
Q

visual agnosia

A

perceives features of
objects, but an inability to recognize
the whole objects they are a part of,
and prosopagnosia is an inability to
recognize faces

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59
Q

Gestalt psychologists emphasize

A

Gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

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60
Q

Figure-ground:

A

Organization of the
visual field into objects that stand out
from their surroundings

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61
Q

What is grouping

A

Grouping: Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups based on Gestalt principles of form perception (e.g., proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and
simplicity)

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62
Q

What are the principles of grouping:

A

Proximity
Closure
Similarity
Continuity
Simplicity
depth perception

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63
Q

What is proximity grouping

A

things near each other tend to be grouped together

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64
Q

What is closure grouping

A

the brain fills in gaps to perceive
complete, whole object

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65
Q

What is similarity grouping

A

things that are alike are perceived
together

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66
Q

What is continuity grouping

A

lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space

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67
Q

What is simplicity grouping

A

viewers tend to organize elements in the simplest way possible

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68
Q

What is depth perception grouping

A

Although the images that strike the
retina are two-dimensional, depth
perception allows us to create
mental images of objects in 3-D,
and to judge distance

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69
Q

Depth and Distance Perception:

A

Visual system relies on two types of cues to judge where an object is, and how far away from us it is

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70
Q

Binocular cues

A

provide visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes

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71
Q

What are monoculuar cues

A

are visual cues
to depth or distance that can be
used by one eye alone

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72
Q

Convergence:

A

the turning inward of
the eyes, which occurs when they
focus on a nearby object

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73
Q

Retinal disparity:

A

the slight difference
in lateral separation between two
objects as seen by the left eye and
the right eye

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74
Q

what is perceptual constancy

A

The accurate perception of objects
as stable or unchanged despite
changes in the sensory patterns
they produce (e.g., shape, location,
size, brightness, and color
constancies)

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75
Q

Shape constancy

A

for example the door opening in a comic, you can tell its opening not just changing shape

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76
Q

Size constancy

A

We know an object does not change its size as we move closer or further from it

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77
Q

colour constancy

A

We perceive an object as being the same color despite a change in wavelength in light,
because we judge objects relative to other objects surrounding it

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78
Q

brightness constancy

A

Depends on relative
luminance: the amount of light
an object reflects relative to its
surroundings

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79
Q

What is audition

A

refers to our sense of hearing

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80
Q

What does amplitude indicate in audition

A

loudness

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81
Q

What is 0 dB

A

The absolute threshold (not the absence of sound, just less than humans can hear)

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82
Q

What is 60 dB

A

a normal conversation

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83
Q

what is 85+ dB

A

possible long term damage

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84
Q

What does wavelength indicate in audition

A

Pitch

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85
Q

What is Timbre

A

complexity of the pressure wave; distinguishing quality of sound

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86
Q

What is the outer ear referring to

A

pinna

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87
Q

The ____ cells are lined up on the __________ membrane that runs the length of the ________

A

hair; basilar; chochlea

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88
Q

How do we detect loudness?

A

By the number of hair cells stimulated

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89
Q

What is place theory in hearing

A

Hermann von Helmholtz (1863) proposed that perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the cochlea’s basilar membrane Different places have different pitches, like keys on a piano

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90
Q

What is frequency theory in hearing?

A

Holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates, causing the auditory nerve to fire at different rates for different frequencies. The brain detects the frequency of a tone by the rate at which the
auditory nerve fires

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91
Q

What is travelling wave theory

A

The whole basilar membrane does move, but the waves peak at particular places, depending on frequency

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92
Q

Sound localization

A

relies on loudness and intensity of stimuli to tell us where a sound is coming from

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93
Q

how do we estimate the distance of a sound

A

estimated using loudness as a cue

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94
Q

How do we estimate the direction sound comes from

A

which ear the sound
reaches first

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95
Q

Sound symbolism:

A

is the process by which the way a word sounds influences our assumptions about
what it describes and various attributes like its size

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96
Q

Song lyrics can persuade via the …

A

central route of persuasion: They can be thought about and reflected upon

97
Q

Typically, however, music persuades
via the …

A

peripheral route of
persuasion: A song is heard, yet not

98
Q

Our sense of touch is based on four distinct senses

A

-pressure
-warmth
-cold
-pain

99
Q

What is the fast pathway of pain perception

A

registers localized pain and relays it to the
brain in a fraction of a second

100
Q

What is the slow pathway of pain perception

A

lags a second or two behind and carries
less localized, longer-lasting aching or burning pain

101
Q

The peak-end efect

A

They will rememeber what is at the very end. (pain, gifts, and more)

102
Q

What is touch known as?

A

Haptics

103
Q

What is th esense of taste known as

A

Gustation

104
Q

Information from the taste buds travels to an area between the _______________________________ lobes of the brain.

A

frontal and temporal

105
Q

What are Paillae

A

Papillae: Knoblike elevations on the
top and sides of the tongue: Each
little bump are 200-plus taste buds

106
Q

True or False: Each receptor reacts to different
types of food molecules and sends
messages to the brain

A

true

107
Q

What influences taste?

A

Genetic differences in amount of
papilla and sensitivity of taste buds
*Supertasters: individuals who have
more taste buds, and smaller papilla
*Can taste some things regular
tasters can’t and find some foods
unpleasantly bitter
-behaviour, culture, and expectations

108
Q

olfaction is the only sense that is note routed through the

A

thalamus

109
Q

From the brain’s olfactory bulb, the messages are sent onward to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex and to the parts of the limbic system involved in memory and emotion. true or false

A

true

110
Q

humans can distinguish up to ______ odors

A

10,000

111
Q

Kinesthesia:

A

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

112
Q

Vestibular sense:

A

Monitors your head’s position and movement, which senses your body’s movement and position, including sense of balance

113
Q

________________________________ sense organs in the inner ear that make up
the largest part of the vestibular system

A

The semicircular canals:

114
Q

What is embodied cognition

A

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

115
Q

What are the three requirements for the brain to percieve something

A

-Recieve sensory stimulation
Transform that stimulation
deliverto brain

116
Q

What is the present idea of how we see

A
  1. Retinas red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones respond in varying degrees to different colored stimuli (trichromatic)
  2. cones responses are then processed by the opponent process cells
117
Q

Define learning

A

Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience

118
Q

What does learning focus on

A

how respond over why we respond that way in reference to cognitive factors

119
Q

associate learning is representative of

A

classical conditioning

120
Q

What is learning through consequence representative of

A

Operant conditioning

121
Q

acquisition of mental information that guides behavior:

A

cognitive learning

122
Q

Behavioral learning theories focus on

A

stimulus-response connections (i.e.,
connections between actions and
consequences)

123
Q

Social Learning Theories

A

people actively process information—they think and they feel emotion—and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior

124
Q

Define behaviorism

A

Behaviorism: Approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior

125
Q

Behavioral learning theories assume that…

A

learning takes place as the result of responses to external events

126
Q

the ____________________ model is the behaviorist view on the brain

A

black box

127
Q

Classical conditioning:

A

a stimulus that elicits a response is paired
with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own

128
Q

Operant conditioning

A

maintains that behavior becomes more or
less probable depending on its consequences

129
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US/UCS):

A

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive (unconditioned) response in the absence of learning (e.g., food)

130
Q

Unconditioned response (UR/UCR):

A

Naturally occurring (unlearned) response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

131
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS):

A

Stimulus that does not yet produce a response

132
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS):

A

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., bell ringing)

133
Q

Conditioned response (CR):

A

A learned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; occurs after the CS is associated with the US (e.g., salivation)

134
Q

trial is a pairing of the UCS and the CS. true or false

A

true

135
Q

What is acquisition

A

Refers to the initial stage of learning, when one links a neutral stimulus and an
unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned
response

136
Q

Classical conditioning is most effective when stimulus to be conditioned (NS) ___________ the unconditioned stimulus

A

precedes

137
Q

What kind of delay is best for classical conditioning

A

short

138
Q

Extinction:

A

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response (conditioned response)

139
Q

Spontaneous recovery:

A

The reappearance of a learned response after
its apparent extinction (i.e., after a period of non-pairing)

140
Q

what is higher order conditioning

A

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is
paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

141
Q

define generalization

A

Generalization: Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

142
Q

define discrimination

A

Discrimination: Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli

143
Q

Learning to Like:

A

Classical conditioning involves in our positive
emotional responses to objects, people, symbols, events, and places

144
Q

Accounting for Taste:

A

Classical conditioning can explain how we learn to like and dislike many foods and odors

145
Q

what is the garcia effect

A

we have a greater biological preparedness to
associate sickness with taste than with sights or sounds

146
Q

How do we learn to fear

A

People may learn to fear any stimulus that is paired with something that elicits pain, surprise, or embarrassment

147
Q

Counterconditioning:

A

process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

148
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

(a variation of counterconditioning) later developed to treat phobias

149
Q

What is the Law of effect

A

Principle that behaviors followed by favorable
consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

150
Q

reinforcement:

A

Reinforcement strengthens the
response or makes it more
likely to recur

151
Q

Punishment

A

weakens the response or makes it less likely
to recur

152
Q

What is a primary reinforcer

A

Primary reinforcers are events
that are inherently reinforcing
because they satisfy a biological
need (e.g., hunger)

153
Q

What are secondary reinforcers

A

Secondary reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated
with primary reinforcers (e.g., money, good grades, attention, praise, etc.)

154
Q

what is a primary punisher

A

Stimulus that is inherently punishing (e.g., electric shock)

155
Q

Secondary punisher:

A

Stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers (e.g., criticism)

156
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

157
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases behaviors by stopping or reducing
negative stimuli

158
Q

what is positive punishment

A

Presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future
(e.g., spanking)

159
Q

What is negative punishment

A

Removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future (e.g., taking away TV)

160
Q

what are the three ways we learn

A

-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
-cognitive learning

161
Q

What are some applications of classical conditioning

A

-drug cravings
-food cravings
-immune responses

162
Q

continuous schedule

A

reinforcement occurs everytime desired behvior occurs

163
Q

partial schedule

A

only part of the time, makes for slower aquisition but longer lasting

164
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforces after specified number of responses

165
Q

variable ratio

A

unspecifed random time

166
Q

fixed interval

A

specified time

167
Q

variable interval schedule

A

unpredictable time intervals

168
Q

five facts about punishment

A

-punished behavior suppressed not forgotten
-physical punishment doesn’t replace unwanted behavior
-punishment teaches discrimination among situations
-can teach fear
-physical punishment may increases aggression

169
Q

What is the instinctual drift

A

occurs when an animal’s innate biologically predisposed response tendencies interfere
with conditioning

170
Q

what is intrinsic motivation? reinforcers?

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively
for its own sake
not inherintly related to behavior being reinforced (good grades, praise etc)

171
Q

what is extrinsic motivation? reinforcers?

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive a
promised reward or to avoid threatened punishment
are directly related to behavior being reinforced (enjoyment, satisfaction etc)

172
Q

Bandura’s social learning theory:

A

people actively process information—they think and they feel emotion—and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior

173
Q

Social-cognitive theory

A

emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences,
and cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

174
Q

what is modelling

A

the process of observing and imitating the
behavior of others

175
Q

define memory

A

Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

176
Q

The information processing approach divides memory into 3 different storage systems:

A

sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory

177
Q

Cognitive processes involve computer ideas of

A

encoding, storing, and retrieving information

178
Q

application of opperant conditioning

A

-in school
-sports
-PARENTING

179
Q

biological limits on classical conditioning

A

-aversive tastes
-natural selection

180
Q

define cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

181
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is insentive to demonstrate it

182
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we do actions observe others actions

183
Q

Learning operant responses usually occurs through a gradual process called ______________________, which consists of the reinforcement of
closer and closer approximations of a desired response (this is key in pet tricks)

A

shaping

184
Q

Sensory Memory:

A

A memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information

185
Q

What is iconic and echoic memory

A

Iconic memory: Momentary picture-image memory in sensory store appears to
decay after about ¼-second
*Echoic memory: Momentary sound memory in sensory store can linger for up to 3-4
seconds

186
Q

Usually, ________________ is likened to a filter in an information-processing model of memory:

A

attention

187
Q

Working Memory:

A

Holds and processes information that is being “worked on” in some way. (manipulating, encoding and retrieving)

188
Q

what is central executive

A

a control processor that directs the
flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem solving

189
Q

what is working memory capacity

A

refers to one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

190
Q

What is long-term memory

A

An unlimited store that holds information
indefinitely

191
Q

interference theory suggests

A

suggests that LTM is permanent: the only reason we forget is that we aren’t able to access information that is still in LTM

192
Q

what is automatic processing

A

sensory memory that slips into long term memory

193
Q

Explicit memories

A

(declarative memories) of conscious facts and
experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing

194
Q

implicit memories

A

(nondeclarative memories) that form through
automatic processes and bypass the conscious encoding track

195
Q

procedural memories

A

memories for the performance of actions or skills (“knowing how”), operations and
conditioned responses

196
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions

197
Q

episodic memory

A

personally experienced events and the
contexts in which they occurred

198
Q

what are the levels of processing

A

shallow, intermediate, deep

199
Q

three deeper processing tips

A

-elaboration
-visual imagery
-self-referent encoding

200
Q

what structures are involved in the explicit memory system

A

hippocampus and frontal lobes

201
Q

what is memory consolidation

A

The process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to be more reliable

202
Q

what structures are involved in the implicit memory system

A

cerebellum and basil ganglia

203
Q

what is long-term potentiation

A

long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness occurs (Increase in
a synapse’s firing potential)

204
Q

what is priming

A

Priming: Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

205
Q

what is the encoding specificity principle

A

Remembering will be successful to the
extent that conditions at encoding MATCH conditions at retrieval

206
Q

mood congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

207
Q

Serial position effect:

A

The tendency to recall best the last (recency
effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

208
Q

Primacy effect:

A

recall will be best for items at beginning of list

209
Q

Recency effect:

A

recall will be best for items at end of list

210
Q

what is recall

A

retrieving information that is not currently in your concious awareness, but was learned at an earlier time

211
Q

what is recognition

A

identifying terms previously learned

212
Q

what is relearning

A

Learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second or later time

213
Q

why do we forget

A
  • Encoding failure (attention)
  • Storage decay
  • Retrieval failure
  • Interference
  • Motivated forgetting
214
Q

What is reconstructive memory

A

When we remember complex information, we typically alter it in ways that help us make sense of the material, based on what we
already know or think we know

215
Q

Imagination effect:

A

Repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories

216
Q

what is confabulation

A

confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you

217
Q

what is rehersal

A

Rehearsal is the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the
information―keeping it in use

218
Q

Focus on a weapon:

A

Inability to remember other details (e.g.,
criminal’s face)

219
Q

when asked if they recall what they were doing during the challenger explosion there was no correlation between ____________________ and _________________

A

acuracy and confidence

220
Q

what is source amnesia

A

The inability to distinguish an
actual memory of an event from
information you learned about the
event elsewhere (i.e., we assign a
memory to the wrong source)

221
Q

misinformation effect:

A

They “remembered” seeing the picture
that they had never seen

222
Q

what are the two line up types

A

-sequetial (people are more likley to not IDD anyone)
-simultaneous(more likely to ID someone incorrectly)

223
Q

Accurate recognition tends to be

A

automatic

224
Q

conectionism

A

memories as products of interconnected neural networks

225
Q

what is effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and concious effort

226
Q

what are the threee things we process automatically

A

time, space, and freqiency

227
Q

who is george miller

A

7 pieces of info guy

228
Q

what is shallow processing

A

encoding at a basic level, beased on structure/appearance of workds

229
Q

what is deep processing

A

encoding systematically, based on the meaning of the words. tends to yeild betetr retention

230
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

an increase in nerve cells firing potential. a nueral basis for learning and memory

231
Q

What are the two branches of memory processing

A

automatic and effortful

232
Q

what are the two types of effortful processing

A

episodic and semantic

233
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

234
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

an inablity to remember the past

235
Q

what is proactive interference

A

the forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

236
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

the backwards acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

237
Q

what is reconsolidation

A

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again

238
Q

what is the misinformation effect

A

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Term 1 (9 decks)

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