Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Term 1 > Psychology II > Flashcards

Psychology II Flashcards

1
Q

Define consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another person that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will sponataneously occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdiplicinary study of brain activity linked with cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define inattentional numbness

A

If you bump into someone they are less likely to notice the other physical stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define change blindness

A

failing to notice environmental changes, a form of inattentional blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define dual processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconcious tracks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experienceing it.(if your right eyes view different scenes you will only be consciously aware of one at a time, yet you will display some awareness in the other.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Approximately how much of our brain function is UNconciouss?

A

80-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain sequential processing

A

Processing one aspect of a stimulus at a time; generally used to processes new information or solve difficult problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Those working in and interdisciplinary field called __________________________ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking , memory, and language

A

cognitive neuroscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the minds two tracks?

A

explicit/implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prior to the 1900s, psychology was considered the study of _________________

A

states of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was the first to realize there was an unconscious component to humans?

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is widley considered to be the “Hard problem”

A

How does consciousness arise from a human brain? (matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the brains transmission of information is mostly
a. conscious
b. unconscious

A

b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the explanitory gap

A

the gap between how the brain works and how it produces conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Attention is sometimes necessary for perception: true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

We are often unaware of the cognitive processes that underlie our judgments and preferences. true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the names for the conscious and unconscious systems

A

Unconscious: implicit,
automatic, System 1
Conscious: explicit,
controlled, System 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what makes up the controlled process

A

deliberative, reflective, conscious. about 5% of brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What makes up the automatic process

A

effortless, outside awareness, “gut feelings”, and intuition. About 95% of brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The 4 main characteristics of automatic processes

A
  • Outside of awareness
  • Unintentional
  • Involuntary
  • Efficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Failure to see visible objects because our attention is focused somewhere else is called_____________________________

A

inattentional blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

We register and react to stimuli outside of our awareness by means of __________________ processing. When we devote deliberate attention to stimuli we use ___________________ processing.

A

implicit; explicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Inattentional blindness is a products of our _______________ attentions

A

selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define sleep

A

periodic natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define the circadian rhythm

A

Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temp. and wakefulness that occur in a 24-hour cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why are screens before bed harmful?

A

-Light levels go from the eye to a brain
area called the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (in the hypothalamus)
-This nucleus tells the pineal gland to
secrete melatonin: a hormone that
adjusts biological clocks (It causes
decreased production of melatonin in
the morning and increased
production in the evening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define Internal desynchronization

A

Internal desynchronization: A state in which biological
rhythms are not in phase (synchronized) with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the potential consequences of internal desynchronization

A

-less total sleep and inferior sleep
-insomnia
-heart disease, stomach issues, breast cancer
-increased chance of accidents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the modern idea of how much we should be sleeping? What caused this idea

A

8 hours. Artificial light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How was sleep before the production of artificial light
.

A

First, people went to sleep a little after sunset and woke in them middle of the night for an hour or so (during which they engaged in some leisurely activities). Then they would sleep again until dawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If people are left alone in a dark room, they are likely to sleep closer to _____________

A

14 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

North american countries tend to sleep less than people in Japan and india. true or false

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the three ways we measure bodily activity during sleep

A

-Electrooculograph (EOG):
records eye movements
-Electromyograph (EMG):
records muscle activity and
tension
-EEG (Electroencephalograph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the four types of wave pattern on an EEG

A

-Beta (13-24 cps)
-Alpha (8-12 cps)
-Theta (4-7 cps)
-Delta (<4 cps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are Beta waves indicitive of

A

Normal waking thought, alert and problem solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are Alpha waves indicitive of

A

Deep relaxation, blank mind, medetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do Theta waves indicate

A

light sleeps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do delta waves indicate

A

deep sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How long is a sleep cycle on average

A

90 min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep, in which vivid dreams occur. Also known as paradoxal sleep because the body is both active and ddeeply relaxed. paralyzed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define NREM sleep

A

four stages of brain wave when REM is not occurring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the stages of sleep

A
  1. A brief transitional stage lasting between 1 and 7 minutes
  2. mixed brain wave frequency. spindles. Minor noises won’t disturb you. This lasts about 10-25 minutes
  3. Delta waves. Pulse slows, and you are hard to awaken
  4. Stage 4: delta waves predominant; deep sleep; most likely stage for
    sleepwalking
    * Takes about 30 minutes to
    reach stage 4
    * Usually people stay in stages 3
    and 4 for about 30 minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

REM is characterized by :

A

-an EEG that looks awake and alert
* rapidly moving eyes behind the lids
* irregular pulse and breathing rate
* loss of muscle tone
* vivid dreaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Sleep and age

A

As we age we get less deep and restful sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

-Protection
-Recooperation
-Helps us store memories
-Feeds creative thinking
-Supports growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are symptoms of sleep loss

A

-fatigue & irratibility
-less emotional control
-more amygdala driven processing
-more susceptible to depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does sleep loss impact romantic relationships?

A

-Less empathy
-More negativity
-Conflict resolution problems
-Selfishness
-increased anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How does sleep loss increase weight gain?

A

-increasing grehlin (hunger hormone)
-decreasing leptin (hunger-supressing hormone)
- increase cortisol (fat production)
-decreases metabollic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Major sleep disorders: Insomnia and hyperarousal model of insomnia

A

Insomnia: trouble falling asleep, remaining asleep, and persistant early morning waking. Increases with age and is more prevelent in men
Hyperarousal model of insomnia:
insomnia may be the result of
hyperarousal of physical
characteristics like heart rate,
temperature, EEG, and metabolic
activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Narcolepsy: Marked by sudden and irresistible
onsets of sleep during normal
waking hours. Sometimes lapsing directly into
REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Night Terrors

A

Night terrors:
* Night terrors are associated with non-
REM sleep and are characterized by
intense autonomic arousal and
feelings of panic
* This disorder is more common in
children aged 3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Sleep walking and talking

A

sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
* Doing normal waking activities
(sitting up, walking, speaking)
while asleep (occurs during N3
stage; usually stage 4)
* Sleeptalking can occur during any
sleep stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD)

A
  • Muscle paralysis associated with
    REM sleep does not occur, and
    sleepers (mostly males) may “act
    out” their dreams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are some natural sleep aids?

A

Exercise regularly but not in the late evening
* Avoid caffeine after early afternoon, and avoid food
*glass of milk, which provides raw materials for the manufacture of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that
facilitates sleep.
* Relax before bedtime, using dimmer light.
* Sleep on a consistent schedule (rise at the same time, even after a restless night) and avoid long naps
* Hide time displays so you aren’t tempted to check repeatedly.
* Reassure yourself that temporary sleep loss happens,
* Focus your mind on nonarousing, engaging thoughts, such as song lyrics or vacation travel
* Manage stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the 5 basic theories of why we dream

A

-Freuds wish fulfillment
-Info processing
-Physiological function
-Activation synthesis
-Cognitive development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Define hallucination

A

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in an absence of external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Define suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothlamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin productoin, thus modifying our feeling of sleepiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Define manifest content

A

according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Define latent content

A

According to freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

define REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REm sleep deprevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

During the N1 sleep stage you are most likley to experience _________________

A

hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The brain emits large slow waves during _________________ sleep

A

N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

As the night prgresses what happens to the REM stage of sleep?

A

It increases in duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Define substance use disorder

A

A disroder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/ or physical risks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

When is drug use a disorder?

A
  1. Diminished control
  2. Diminished social functioning
  3. Hazardous use
  4. Drug action (tolerance, withdrawl)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are some depressents, what do they cause

A

Alcohol, barbituates, and opiates
-slowed neural processing
-memory disruption
-reduced self-awareness
-Expectancy effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are some stimulants

A

Nicotene, Meth, Ecstasy, Cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What are hallicinogens

A

Marijuana, LSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What influences drug use?

A

Biology, Psychological and social-cultural influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Characteristics of alchohol

A

-increases helpful and harmful tendencies
-rates of sexual assualt rise
-alcohol use disorder (girls tend to become addicted faster)
-Slows neural processing (SNS, judgment, speaking, reaction time, can’t tell how drunk they are
-memory disruption
-reduced self awareness
-expectancy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Characteristics of nicotine

A
  • 12 minute “buzz”
  • Release epi and norepi
    -temporarily calm anxiety and reduce pain sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Characteristics of cocaine

A

-rush of euphoria
-May highten aggressive reactions
-Higher shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Characteristics of Meth

A

-stimulate neural activity
-triggers dopamine
-reduce baseline dopamine

80
Q

Ecstacy (methylkenedioxymethamphetamine, molly)

A

Dopamine and seretonin
-overheating
-immunity memory
-disrupts C rhythm

81
Q

LSD

A

Causes euphoria, detachment, panic

82
Q

Marijuana

A

_THC
-mild hallucinogen
-increases risk of accidents, chronic bronchitis, psychosis, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts

83
Q

What is THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

84
Q

Heroin is a _________________ (depressant, stimulant)

A

Depressant

85
Q

Define behavior genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limit of genetic and environmental influence on behavior.

86
Q

Define environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to people and things around us.

87
Q

What are chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

88
Q

Define gene

A

The biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; small segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins. Blueprints for traits

89
Q

define genome

A

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in that organisms chromosomes. shared genetic profile between humans with differing codes.

90
Q

How many chromosomes in total? how many from each parent ?

A
  1. 23.
91
Q

What determines sex

A

23 chromosome pair: XX for girl and XY for boy

92
Q

Whats the different between a phenotype and genotype

A

phenotype are the genes expressed and genotype is the collective set of genes

93
Q

What are the previous two perspectives on nature and nurture debate called?

A

nativists: emphasize genes and inborn characteristics
epiricists: focus on learning and experience.

94
Q

What is heredability?

A

-Heritability refers to the extent to
which variation among people on a
given characteristic is due to
genetic differences

95
Q

What are the methods in the study of heredity?

A

-Selective breeding
-family studies
-twin studies (compare monozygotic and dizygotic)
-adoption studies

96
Q

What are some of the similarities that would be seen in identical twins regardless of environment

A

Personality, styles of thinking and relating
*Abilities/intelligence test scores
*Attitudes
*Interests, tastes
*Specific fears
*Brain waves, heart rate

97
Q

Identical twins raised in different households are more similar that fraternal twins raised in the same household. true or false

A

true

98
Q

What is technical definition?

A

Technical Definition: the proportion
of phenotypic variance in a trait that
is attributable to genetic variance

99
Q

What is phenotypic variance

A

Phenotypic variance: is simply the
observed variability in some
characteristic

100
Q

Heritability coefficient

A

Heritability coefficient: A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group

101
Q

What are the varaible of the Heritability coefficient

A

*0 = none of the phenotypic
variance in a trait is due to genetics
*1 = all of the variance in the trait is
due to genetics
*Between 0 and 1 = the proportion
of variability in the trait that’s due
to genetic influences

102
Q

Differences within groups may have a genetic basis
but that does not mean differences between groups are genetic. true or false

A

true

103
Q

Heritability is a
population statistic and
indicates the degree of genetic
influence on the development of a
trait of an individual

A

false

104
Q

Almost all human features
are polygenic (a result of many genes)
and multifactorial (a result of many
factors, both genetic and environmental). true or false

A

true

105
Q

What are the three principles that illustrate gene-environment interactions

A

range of reaction
canalization
gene-environment correaltions

106
Q

Explain range of reaction

A

Refers to the idea that there is
a wide range of potential
expressions of a genetic trait
(phenotypes) depending on
environmental opportunities
and constraints

107
Q

explain canalization

A

*Some traits have a very narrow
range of development to only one
or a few possible outcomes
*Require extreme changes in the
environment to alter their course
*E.g., age-related motor
development like walking

108
Q

explain gene-environment correlations

A

Illustrate how traits often are
supported by both our genes and environment

109
Q

explain passive gene-environment correlations

A

Occur because parents are
genetically similar to their children,
the homes that they create in line
with their own interests and
preferences also correspond with
and support the child’s genotype

110
Q

Explain evocative gene-environment correlations

A

It’s called evocative because genes
influence the person’s behaviour in
ways that evoke certain reactions in
other people
*A child’s genetic traits, such as
personality characteristics, influence
the social and physical environment,
which shape development in ways
that support the genetic trait

111
Q

Explain active gene environment correlation

A

Occurs when the child actively
creates experiences and
environments that correspond to
and influence his or her genetic
predisposition (called niche-picking)

112
Q

What is epigenetics

A

“above genetics”
The study of heritable changes in
gene expression that do not involve
modifications to the DNA sequence
*Studies the molecular mechanisms
by which environments can trigger or
block gene expression. The process in which genes self regulate

113
Q

What are some things parents might influence

A

-attitude
-mannerisms
-politics
-faith
-values

114
Q

What are the four stages of life and how do they contribute to gene expression

A

prenatal: drugs, toxins, nutrition, stress
postnatal: Neglect, abuse, variation in care
juvenille: Social contract, environmental complexity
Adult: Cognitive challenges, excersise, nutrition

115
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The principle that favorable traits are passed along to offspring due to their ancestors reproducing well

116
Q

Define evolutionary psychology

A

the study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

117
Q

Define mutation

A

a random error in gene replication that leads to change

118
Q

which gender is more likely to have sexual overperception

A

men. tend to believe that friendliness is a “sexual come on “

119
Q

What are the main to differences between men and women in an evolutionary scope

A

-promiscuity
-sex selection

120
Q
A
120
Q

What are the five main critisims of evolutionary psychology?

A

-differences are more likely caused by social scripts (overlooks cultural expectation)
-works backward. starts with effect and works backwards for explanation
-men could use this as an excuse for their actions towards women
-What we think we do is often different than what we do
-is our instinct and purpose for life just to reproduce
-evolution bad

121
Q

environment has no effect on brain power. true or false

A

false. Enriched environment leads to more brain power

122
Q

why must we start things as children to gain mastery easier?

A

Rapid brain growth in childhood. easier development of neural pathways

123
Q

children tend to become more like their ________________
a. parents
b. peers
What is this called?

A

b.
the selection effect

124
Q

What is the importance of culture

A

forces advancment and supports survival and reproduction

125
Q

define “norm”

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected bahvior

126
Q

Contrast individualism and collectivism

A

individualism: giving priority to your own goals over group goals and defining your identity on personal attributes rather than group characteristics
collectivism: giving priority to the goals of a group and identifying yourself according to that group

127
Q

Why might an evolutionary psychologist theorize the high number of individualists in the US?

A

People who were collectivists would tend to not move over and immigrate to the States as many people did. Meaning that a high number of indivudualists in the US is due to the reproduction of individualist kinds from the same parents.

128
Q

What is the main assumption with evolutionary psychology?

A

Behavioral patterns developed because they were necessary for our ancestors to survive

129
Q

What is evolutionary mismatch. Provide an example

A

The modern
environment does not match human
history; “natural” tendencies can be
harmful or dangerous
eg. the overeating problem emerged from not having enough to eat and nowhere to store food (humans prefer fatty foods with high sugar)

130
Q

what are some ways fear could be caused by evolutionary psychology?

A

Those who feared dangerous things had a higher possiblity of reproducing successfully

Heights: those who stayed away from cliffs were more likely to survive

131
Q

What is sociobiology?

A

Interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary
explanations of social behaviour in animals and humans

132
Q

What’s the difference between intersexual and intrasexual selection?

A

Intersexual selection: a member
of one sex chooses a mate from
the other sex on the basis of
certain characteristics
Intrasexual selection: members of
the same sex compete for a
partner of the other sex

133
Q

What is the modern thought of difference between gender and sex?

A

Gender is a social construct formed my the norms applies to a sex
sex is a biological anatomy

134
Q

What are the three claims of the modern gender definition?

A

-it is a social construct
-it changes overtime
-it changes over cultures

135
Q

True or false: the more gender equality in a country (egalitarianism), the greater the differences in the way men and women think (e.g., preferences for job selection etc.)

A

true

136
Q

How much more would women have to be interested in ‘things’ than most woman to be as interested as the average man?

A

85%

137
Q

What are the two main reasons men and women differ

A

One is cultural/environmental
and the other is biological

138
Q

True or false. Men and women are more alike than they are different

A

true

139
Q

What are the 5 big personality traits in men and women

A

*Openness (or intellect)
*Conscientiousness
*Extraversion
*Agreeableness
*Neuroticism

140
Q

Do men or women typically score higher on neurotisim

A

women

141
Q

What are some attributes of someone who would score high on neuroticsim? Low?

A

High scorers tend to be anxious, self-
conscious, moody, nervous, high-
strung, insecure, worrying; Low
scorers tend to be calm, relaxed,
secure, hardy

142
Q

What are primary sex characteristics

A

ovaries, testes, external genetalia. they maybe reproduction possible

143
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics

A

Breasts, pubic hair, low voice,

144
Q

What are spermarche and menarche

A

first ejaculation and first period

145
Q

What is klinefelter syndrome?

A

men born with an extra X chromosome (XXY). it results in sterility and small testes

146
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

a female with only one X chromosome
resulting in infertility and more masculine charcteristics

147
Q

Eriksons stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Infancy

A

-to one year
-Trust vs mistrust
-If needs are met, infant gains basic trust

148
Q

Eriksons stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Toddlerhood

A

-1-3
-Autonomy vs shame and doubt
-excersize will and doubt their abilities

149
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Pre-school

A

-3 to 6
-Initiative vs guilt
-can feel guilty about their efforts fro independence

150
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Elementary school

A

-6 to puberty
-Competence vs inferioirity
-Pleasure of applying themselves to new tasks, or feel incompetent

151
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Adolescence

A

-teen to early 20s
-Identity vs role confusion
-Refine sense of self through social testing, or are confused

152
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Young adulthood

A

-20s to early 40s
-Intimacy vs isolation
-either gain intimate love or feel socially isolated

153
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Middle adulthood

A

-Generavity vs stagnation
-40s to 60s
-Contribute to the world or lack purpose

154
Q

Erikson’s stages (ages, issues, and tasks)
Late adulthood

A

-60+
-Integrity vs despair
-Satisfaction or faliure

155
Q

Preconventional morality

A

-Before age 9
-Focus is self interest

156
Q

Conventional Morality

A

-early adolesence
-Uphold rules and laws for social

157
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

-Adolesence and beyond
-Reflect and belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles

158
Q

explain the Sensorimotor stage

A

-experienceing the work through senses
-object permanence
-stranger anxiety
-before 2 years of age

159
Q

Explain the Preoperational stage

A

-ages 2 to 7
-Represent images with words
-Pretend play
-Egocentrism

160
Q

Explain the Concrete operational stage

A

-ages 7 to 11
-Think logically
-Can do math
-undersatnd conservation

161
Q

Formal operational

A

-reasoning abstractly
-Potential for mature moral reasoning

162
Q

What are Piagets three main insights

A

*Errors are as interesting as correct responses
*Strategies are not random or meaningless
*Strategies reflect a the child’s
maturational stage and the child’s experience in the world

163
Q

What are the Limits of the preoperational stage

A

*Centration: focusing on one feature of a problem
*Irreversibility: inability to envision reversing an action

164
Q

What are the four main Revisions of Piagets theories

A

-Ability is more like climbing up a hill rather than steps
-children reveal ability earlier than he thought
-preschoolers are not as egocentric
-cognition influenced by culture and education

165
Q

developmental used to be known as…

A

Child psychology

166
Q

What are the three main tenets of Bowlby’s theory of attachment

A
  • Sensitivity: Responsive care-
    giving creates secure attachment
  • Secure base: Secure attachment
    leads to greater exploration
  • Competence: Secure attachment
    promotes social competence
    later in life
167
Q

What are the three main attachment types

A

-Secure
-anxious
-avoidant

168
Q

What are secure attachment behaviors

A
  • Secure Attachment:
  • Cry or protest if the parent leaves the room;
  • Welcomes her back and then plays happily again;
  • Clearly more attached to the mother than to the stranger
169
Q

What are insecure avoidant attachment behaviors

A
  • Insecure Avoidant
  • Doesn’t care if the mother leaves the room
  • Makes little effort to seek contact with her on her return
  • Treats the stranger about the same as the mother
170
Q

What are insecure anxious (ambivilant) attachment behaviors

A
  • Resists contact with the mother at reunion but protests loudly if she leaves
  • Anxious or ambivalent babies may cry to be picked up and then demand to be
    put down
  • May behave as if angry and resist her efforts to comfort them
171
Q

What are the characteristics of each attachment styles parent:

A
  • Secure babies: caregivers are responsive, sensitive to expressions of
    need
  • Anxious/ambivalent babies: caregivers are inconsistent, hit-or-miss or
    chaotic, expressions of need ineffective
  • Avoidant babies: emotionally unavailable and/or rejecting caregivers
172
Q

What are the five main contributures to attachment style

A

-Genetics
-Neglect
-Unresponsivness
-abandonment
stressful circumstance

173
Q

How does avoidant attachment impact relationships

A

-less support and provision
-less sexual intimacy and more casual sex (more likely to cheat)
-infidelity

174
Q

How does anxious attachment impact relationships

A

-controlling, intrusive caregiving
-sexual activity to avoid rejection or feel loved
-percieving partner as inattentive or unwilling to commit
-overpercieve conflict

175
Q

Types of rules children as young as 3 can differentiate

A
  1. Moral: applies to everyone; cannot be changed; based on values
  2. Conventional: applies to certain groups; changeable; based on
    agreed-upon norms
  3. Personal: applies to individuals; changeable; based on preferences
    of specific person
176
Q

Social Intuitionist Approach to morality

A

-you get a feeling (amygdala driven) and then your try to make sense of it through reasoning

177
Q

What is Cold and Hot cognition

A

Cold: “…relatively
intellectual, information-
driven processes.”
Hot: “mental
processes driven by our
desires and feelings… cases
where our goals and moods
colour our judgments.”

178
Q

The ability to suppress their
initial wish to do something
in favour of doing something
else that is not as much fun is known as

A

self-regulation

179
Q

What two brain structures develop and increase in use as we enter into adolecents

A

frontal cortex and Limbic system

180
Q

You gain relative independence around the same time you’re self control is at its lowest. True or false

A

true

181
Q

Teenagers are less prone to dangerous activity. true to false

A

false

182
Q

What marks an identity crisis

A

-A person’s internal
struggle to decide what to be and
what to make of this life
-Identity crisis is marked by curiosity,
questioning, and exploration of
different identities

183
Q

What are the four different outcomes of an identity crisis.

A
  • Identity diffusion (refusal to commit to one identity)
  • Identity foreclosure (committing to identities
    handed down by parents)
  • Identity moratorium (not committing to an identity)
  • Identity achievement (I know who I am!)
184
Q

What are the two types of intellegnce

A

Fluid and Chrystallized

185
Q

What is fluid intellegence

A

The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age

186
Q

What is chrystallized intellegence

A

cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over time; it depends heavily on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime.

187
Q

Inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, preceptual speed and verbal memory__________________ with age

A

decrease

188
Q

Neumeric ability, verbal ability _____________________with age

A

remain stable/ increase

189
Q

What is the neronal loss of the prefrontal cortex from ages 20 to 80

A

17%

190
Q

What is the neuronal loss of the Thalamus from ages 20 to 80

A

22%

191
Q

What is the neuronal loss of Basal ganglia from age 20 to 80

A

21%

192
Q

Why are older adults more likely to remember practical information such as an appointment even though they score lower on lab memory tests

A

They are more likely to engage in compensary behavoirs such as writing notes

193
Q

Are older people more likely to be happy or sad

A

happy

194
Q

Why are older adults more likely to be happy

A

-positivity bias
-no kids lol
-more likely to remember positive images

Term 1 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions