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Psychology > Psychology - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Psychology - Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory as information processing - there are ___ steps.

A

3

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2
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Encoding (def)

A

processing of putting info into memory.

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3
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Storage - (def)

A

process of holding encoded info in memory.

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4
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Retrieval (def)

A

process of finding and moving info out of memory for sure.

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5
Q

Sensation - it is physical. T/F?

A

True

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6
Q

Perception - doing something with ___ _____.

A

The info.

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7
Q

Shallow Processing - what is it/will it stick well?

A

Shallow won’t get into Long Term very well. It would be like if a word is put on the screen and you have to remember the color. It’s simple and not very powerful.

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8
Q

Deep Processing - what is it? Will it stick well?

A

It will stick well! It would be like putting a word on the screen, and you have to pick a word that rhymes with it. You go deeper and do more with it!

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9
Q

Sensory memory - def

A

a memory system that gathers large amounts of information from the senses and stores it very briefly.

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10
Q

Visual Sensory Memory - it is an ____.

A

Imprint.

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11
Q

Iconic Memory - how long?

A

Few seconds (It is our visual memory!)

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12
Q

Auditory - sensory. T/F?

A

True!

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13
Q

Echoic memory - what is it good for?

A

It’s when someone can ask you something, and you say “repeat that!” but before they can do it again, you answer!

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14
Q

Modal Guide for Processing Learning - Tie it to ____ info.

A

Older!

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15
Q

Modal - what three parts of memory are a part of it?

A

Sensory, Short Term, and Long Term.

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16
Q

Sensory Memory - Capacity - is…..

A

very large - more than we can attend to!

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17
Q

Sensory Memory - duration -

A

very brief - few seconds or less.

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18
Q

Why is the sensory memory duration brief?

A

It is brief because it quickly fades and the info is constantly being replaced.

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19
Q

Sensory Memory - encoded from….

A

the same form acquired by the receptors for the corresponding sense (it’s like a brief imprint or impression.)

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20
Q

Short Term Memory - aka ???

A

Working Memory.

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21
Q

Short Term Memory - Def

A

a memory store with limited capacity and a brief duration (UNLESS THE INFO IS REHEARSED.)

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22
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal - def

A

simple repetition to keep information in the STM, like we will keep a phone # in memory for a bit because we keep “rehearsing” it.

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23
Q

Short Term Memory - Capacity -

A

7 (+/- 2) items, aka “Chunks.”

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24
Q

Chunks - def

A

the representation in memory of a meaningful unit of information, like how we do phone number - one long strand is hard but the “chunking” is easier! 5558764737 is harder than 555-876-4737

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25
Q

Long Term Memory - def

A

a memory store that holds large amounts of info for long periods of time.

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26
Q

Around age ___, that’s when we can make persistent/lasting memories.

A

Age 2.

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27
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal - def

A

processing information at a deeper level in order to move it into LTM.

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28
Q

With LTM we…(3)

A

Organize, form images, and relate it to something already in LTM.

29
Q

Explain Dr. Ross’ Elaborative rehearsal example -

A

She had to park really close to a car, so she wanted to remember a license plate. Instead of constantly rehearsing it, she remembered it like this -
BBD - A name of a band.
70 - Her husband’s # in football.
79 - the year she was born!

30
Q

Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative - Def

A

Explicit - information can be intentionally recalled.

31
Q

Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative –> Semantic - DEf

A

Semantic - verbally oriented information, like dates, poems, math problems, etc.

32
Q

Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative –> Episodic - def

A

Memory for life events/experiences, like a great lunch someplace.

33
Q

Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative –> Episodic –> Autobiographical - Def

A

significant life events, like a first kiss/first day of school.

34
Q

Types of Long Term Memory - Non-declarative - def

A

well learned chains of responses knowing how to do something (performance) like knowing how to play the piano.

35
Q

Non-declarative LTM is also known as….

A

Procedural and Implicit.

36
Q

Theater Example for Semantic, Episodic, and Non-declarative -

A

Semantic - running through lines.
Episodic - the time you tripped in front of the director.
Non-declarative - playing the piano for the show.

37
Q

Memory is not a reconstructive practice. T/F?

A

False - it is a reconstructive practice!

38
Q

Reconstructive Memory - def

A

active process which features of what has been experienced are recalled, along with additional info from our knowledge + experiences of the world.

39
Q

Repressed Memory - def

A

disturbing, stored memory - it cannot be readily retrieved.

40
Q

Eye witness testimony - it is easy to ___ information.

A

Plant, like tell people “do you remember the big scary bird?” when there really was no bird!

41
Q

Eye-witness testimony - the car example.

A

People viewed a car accident, and different words were used. “Smashed” made people say the car was going 40 mph, while “contacted” made people think it was going 30 mph.

42
Q

The “Lost In The Mall” example of eye-witness testimony -

A

People were asked about being lost in the mall as kids, and came up with huge stories that didn’t happen!

43
Q

Where are memories formed?

A

Hippocampus.

44
Q

Where are memories stored?

A

Cerebral Cortex

45
Q

Retrograde Amnesia - def

A

loss of memory of events that occurred before amnesia onset.

46
Q

Anterograde Amnesia - def

A

inability to form new memories after amnesia onset.

47
Q

How are memories formed - communication at the synapse becomes ___ efficient and ____ neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron.

A

more efficient/more neurotransmitters.

48
Q

How are memories formed -___ receptors are formed on the postsynaptic membrane.

A

More!

49
Q

The synapse is like a ____.

A

Path.

50
Q

Explicit Measure of Memory - aka ….

A

Declarative/Intentional/Explicit.

51
Q

Explicit Measure of Memory - recall and recognition. -

A

recall - producing info.

Recognition - identifying info (like a multiple choice test.)

52
Q

Recognition - is not sensitive and is hard. T/F?

A

False - it is more sensitive and is easier! Think of a multiple choice test!

53
Q

Implicit Measure of Memory - relearning - def

A

change in performance after a person learns material for a second time.

54
Q

Context Effects and Encoding Specificity - retrieval depends on ….

A

how the information was initially encoded.

55
Q

State Dependent Memory - def

A

how stressed you were, drunk, etc, when doing something - if you do that again, you’ll remember better.

56
Q

Flash-Bulb memory - like remembering a….

A

big event. It feels accurate or like it happened yesterday, but it’s actually not that accurate!

57
Q

Context with ___ of retrieval and coding - you’ll be able to retrieve more!

A

time!!!

58
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle - def

A

asserts that how we retrieve information depends on how it was encoded in the first place.

59
Q

Mnemonic Devices - def

A

techniques that aid retrieval by helping organize and add meaningfulness to new information.

60
Q

Schemas - def

A

organized, general knowledge systems stored in LTM.

61
Q

Schemas - People

A

like the manager you have, named Tom.

62
Q

Roles - Schemas -

A

What you think about all managers!

63
Q

Schemas - Events (Scripts.)

A

How we all feel about a trip to the doctors.

64
Q

Narrative Chaining - def

A

technique to improve retrieval of unorganized material by weaving that material into a meaningful story.

65
Q

Method Of Loci - def

A

the learner imagines a familiar location and places the material she is trying to recall in various places throughout her house in a sensible order.

66
Q

Overlearning - def

A

practicing material over + above the amount needed to learn it. This is a huge goal for studying!

67
Q

Scheduling/Spacing - def

A

distributed practice leads to better retrieval than massed practice. (Taking time versus cramming.)

68
Q

Retroactive Interference - def

A

new info interferes with retrieval of previously learned info - You WANT the old stuff, but the new stuff interferes.

69
Q

Proactive Interference - def

A

previously learned info interferes with retrieval of newly learned info. We WANT the new stuff, and the older interferes.

Psychology (8 decks)

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