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Psychology > Psychology - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Psychology - Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory as information processing - there are ___ steps.

A

3

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2
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Encoding (def)

A

processing of putting info into memory.

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3
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Storage - (def)

A

process of holding encoded info in memory.

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4
Q

Memory - set of systems involved in….Retrieval (def)

A

process of finding and moving info out of memory for sure.

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5
Q

Sensation - it is physical. T/F?

A

True

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6
Q

Perception - doing something with ___ _____.

A

The info.

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7
Q

Shallow Processing - what is it/will it stick well?

A

Shallow won’t get into Long Term very well. It would be like if a word is put on the screen and you have to remember the color. It’s simple and not very powerful.

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8
Q

Deep Processing - what is it? Will it stick well?

A

It will stick well! It would be like putting a word on the screen, and you have to pick a word that rhymes with it. You go deeper and do more with it!

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9
Q

Sensory memory - def

A

a memory system that gathers large amounts of information from the senses and stores it very briefly.

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10
Q

Visual Sensory Memory - it is an ____.

A

Imprint.

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11
Q

Iconic Memory - how long?

A

Few seconds (It is our visual memory!)

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12
Q

Auditory - sensory. T/F?

A

True!

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13
Q

Echoic memory - what is it good for?

A

It’s when someone can ask you something, and you say “repeat that!” but before they can do it again, you answer!

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14
Q

Modal Guide for Processing Learning - Tie it to ____ info.

A

Older!

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15
Q

Modal - what three parts of memory are a part of it?

A

Sensory, Short Term, and Long Term.

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16
Q

Sensory Memory - Capacity - is…..

A

very large - more than we can attend to!

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17
Q

Sensory Memory - duration -

A

very brief - few seconds or less.

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18
Q

Why is the sensory memory duration brief?

A

It is brief because it quickly fades and the info is constantly being replaced.

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19
Q

Sensory Memory - encoded from….

A

the same form acquired by the receptors for the corresponding sense (it’s like a brief imprint or impression.)

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20
Q

Short Term Memory - aka ???

A

Working Memory.

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21
Q

Short Term Memory - Def

A

a memory store with limited capacity and a brief duration (UNLESS THE INFO IS REHEARSED.)

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22
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal - def

A

simple repetition to keep information in the STM, like we will keep a phone # in memory for a bit because we keep “rehearsing” it.

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23
Q

Short Term Memory - Capacity -

A

7 (+/- 2) items, aka “Chunks.”

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24
Q

Chunks - def

A

the representation in memory of a meaningful unit of information, like how we do phone number - one long strand is hard but the “chunking” is easier! 5558764737 is harder than 555-876-4737

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25
Long Term Memory - def
a memory store that holds large amounts of info for long periods of time.
26
Around age ___, that's when we can make persistent/lasting memories.
Age 2.
27
Elaborative Rehearsal - def
processing information at a deeper level in order to move it into LTM.
28
With LTM we...(3)
Organize, form images, and relate it to something already in LTM.
29
Explain Dr. Ross' Elaborative rehearsal example -
She had to park really close to a car, so she wanted to remember a license plate. Instead of constantly rehearsing it, she remembered it like this - BBD - A name of a band. 70 - Her husband's # in football. 79 - the year she was born!
30
Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative - Def
Explicit - information can be intentionally recalled.
31
Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative --> Semantic - DEf
Semantic - verbally oriented information, like dates, poems, math problems, etc.
32
Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative --> Episodic - def
Memory for life events/experiences, like a great lunch someplace.
33
Types of Long Term Memory - Declarative --> Episodic --> Autobiographical - Def
significant life events, like a first kiss/first day of school.
34
Types of Long Term Memory - Non-declarative - def
well learned chains of responses knowing how to do something (performance) like knowing how to play the piano.
35
Non-declarative LTM is also known as....
Procedural and Implicit.
36
Theater Example for Semantic, Episodic, and Non-declarative -
Semantic - running through lines. Episodic - the time you tripped in front of the director. Non-declarative - playing the piano for the show.
37
Memory is not a reconstructive practice. T/F?
False - it is a reconstructive practice!
38
Reconstructive Memory - def
active process which features of what has been experienced are recalled, along with additional info from our knowledge + experiences of the world.
39
Repressed Memory - def
disturbing, stored memory - it cannot be readily retrieved.
40
Eye witness testimony - it is easy to ___ information.
Plant, like tell people "do you remember the big scary bird?" when there really was no bird!
41
Eye-witness testimony - the car example.
People viewed a car accident, and different words were used. "Smashed" made people say the car was going 40 mph, while "contacted" made people think it was going 30 mph.
42
The "Lost In The Mall" example of eye-witness testimony -
People were asked about being lost in the mall as kids, and came up with huge stories that didn't happen!
43
Where are memories formed?
Hippocampus.
44
Where are memories stored?
Cerebral Cortex
45
Retrograde Amnesia - def
loss of memory of events that occurred before amnesia onset.
46
Anterograde Amnesia - def
inability to form new memories after amnesia onset.
47
How are memories formed - communication at the synapse becomes ___ efficient and ____ neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron.
more efficient/more neurotransmitters.
48
How are memories formed -___ receptors are formed on the postsynaptic membrane.
More!
49
The synapse is like a ____.
Path.
50
Explicit Measure of Memory - aka ....
Declarative/Intentional/Explicit.
51
Explicit Measure of Memory - recall and recognition. -
recall - producing info. | Recognition - identifying info (like a multiple choice test.)
52
Recognition - is not sensitive and is hard. T/F?
False - it is more sensitive and is easier! Think of a multiple choice test!
53
Implicit Measure of Memory - relearning - def
change in performance after a person learns material for a second time.
54
Context Effects and Encoding Specificity - retrieval depends on ....
how the information was initially encoded.
55
State Dependent Memory - def
how stressed you were, drunk, etc, when doing something - if you do that again, you'll remember better.
56
Flash-Bulb memory - like remembering a....
big event. It feels accurate or like it happened yesterday, but it's actually not that accurate!
57
Context with ___ of retrieval and coding - you'll be able to retrieve more!
time!!!
58
Encoding Specificity Principle - def
asserts that how we retrieve information depends on how it was encoded in the first place.
59
Mnemonic Devices - def
techniques that aid retrieval by helping organize and add meaningfulness to new information.
60
Schemas - def
organized, general knowledge systems stored in LTM.
61
Schemas - People
like the manager you have, named Tom.
62
Roles - Schemas -
What you think about all managers!
63
Schemas - Events (Scripts.)
How we all feel about a trip to the doctors.
64
Narrative Chaining - def
technique to improve retrieval of unorganized material by weaving that material into a meaningful story.
65
Method Of Loci - def
the learner imagines a familiar location and places the material she is trying to recall in various places throughout her house in a sensible order.
66
Overlearning - def
practicing material over + above the amount needed to learn it. This is a huge goal for studying!
67
Scheduling/Spacing - def
distributed practice leads to better retrieval than massed practice. (Taking time versus cramming.)
68
Retroactive Interference - def
new info interferes with retrieval of previously learned info - You WANT the old stuff, but the new stuff interferes.
69
Proactive Interference - def
previously learned info interferes with retrieval of newly learned info. We WANT the new stuff, and the older interferes.

Psychology (8 decks)

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