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Psychology > Psychology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation - def

A

detection of external stimuli & conversion into nervous system activity.

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2
Q

Perception - def

A

selection, organization, and interpretation of stimuli.

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3
Q

Steps 1 & 2 of information processing are….4

A

gathering, judging, learning, and remembering info.

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4
Q

Psychophysics - def

A

study of relationships between the physical attributes of stimuli and the psychological experiences they produce.

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5
Q

Transducer - def

A

a mechanism that converts energy from one form to another.

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6
Q

Sense receptors - def

A

specialized neural cells in the sense organs that change physical energy into neural impulses.

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7
Q

Sensory threshold - def

A

minimal intensity of stimulus energy required for the stimulus to be detected.

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8
Q

Absolutely threshold - def

A

lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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9
Q

Differential threshold - def

A

level of change in a stimulus that can be detected 50% o the time (ability to distinguish between two different stimuli.)

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10
Q

JND -

A

Just noticeable difference.

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11
Q

Dark Adaptation - def

A

refers to the process in which the visual receptors become more sensitive with time spent in the dark.

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12
Q

Sensory adaptation - def

A

occurs when our sensory experience decreases with continued exposure to a stimulus.

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13
Q

Signal detection theory - def

A

states that stimulus detection is a decision making process of determining if a signal exists against a background of noise.

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14
Q

Vision - stimulus - ?

A

light.

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15
Q

White light is the highest saturation. T/F?!

A

FALSE. It is the lowest.

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16
Q

3 Physical Characteristics of light -

A

Wave Amplitude, Wavelength, and Wave Purity.

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17
Q

Wave Amplitude - def

A

brightness.

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18
Q

Wavelength - def

A

hue.

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19
Q

Wave Amplitude and wavelength don’t interact. T/F?!

A

FALSE. They do!

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20
Q

Wave purity - def

A

saturation.

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21
Q

Light spectrum - what are the colors?

A

ROY G BIV

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22
Q

Cornea - def

A

tough, round outer shell that begins focusing light waves.

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23
Q

Pupil - def

A

opening where light enters.

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24
Q

Iris - def

A

colored, expands or contracts depending on light intensity.

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25
Q

Lens - def

A

flexible, changes shape to focus images on the back of the eye.

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26
Q

Ciliary muscles - def

A

expand or contract to reflexively change the shape of the lens.

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27
Q

Accommodation - def

A

the changing of the shape of the lens.

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28
Q

Fovea - def

A

place where our visual acuity is best in daylight or in reasonably high levels of illumination.

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29
Q

Blind spot - def

A

the place at which the nerve impulses from the rods and cones, having passed through layers of cells, exit the eye.

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30
Q

Humor - fluid. Two kinds? What are they?

A

Aqueous - nourishes front of the eye.

Vitreous - interior - keeps eye spherical.

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31
Q

Retina - def

A

back of the eye where light is transduced and vision begins.

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32
Q

Optic nerve - def

A

collection of neurons leaving the eye, heading back to other parts of the brain.

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33
Q

Photoreceptors - what are they? 2

A

Rods and Cones.

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34
Q

Rods - def - info

A

120 million per eye. Found in the periphery of the retina. Work best in low light. Don’t discriminate color.

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35
Q

Cones - def - info

A

6 million per eye, found in center of retina (fovea.) Work best in bright conditions. Discriminate color.

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36
Q

Optic Chiasm - def

A

where and how fibers in the optic nerve get directed to the occipital lobe.

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37
Q

Trichromatic Theory - def

A

eye contains 3 distinct receptors - red, green and blue.

38
Q

Opponent Process Theory - def

A

eye contains 3 pairs of mechanisms that respond to different to different wavelengths of light - red/green, blue/yellow, black/white.

39
Q

Stimulus - hearing - ?

A

Sound!

40
Q

3 Physical characteristics of sound -

A

Wave amplitude (loudness/decibel system.)
Wavelength or frequency - Pitch (hertz.)
Wave purity - Timbre -

41
Q

What’s the audible spectrum? Hertz

A

20-20,000 hertz.

42
Q

Timbre - def

A

pronounced tamber - the psychological quality or character of a sound that reflects its degree of purity.

43
Q

Pinna of the ear - what is it and what does it do?

A

The outer ear and it collects and funnels waves to the eardrum.

44
Q

Cochlea - what is it?

A

fluid filled, inner ear structure. Contains receptor cells for hearing.

45
Q

What are the receptor cells for hearing?

A

Hair cells.

46
Q

Neural impulses leave the ear via the ____ toward the ___>

A

auditory nerve/temporal lobe.

47
Q

Gustation - def

A

taste, chemical molecules dissolved in saliva.

48
Q

What are the tastes?

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory).

49
Q

What are the receptors for olfaction?

A

Taste Buds

50
Q

Pheromones - chemical - def

A

produce distant odors, may relate to sexual attraction.

51
Q

Touch/pressure - certain body parts….__?

A

have more receptors and are more sensitive.

52
Q

Temperature has very specific hot/cold receptors. T/F?

A

FALSE. At least, for now!

53
Q

Pain - def

A

intense stimulation.

54
Q

Gate control theory of pain - def

A

suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that controls pain signals to the brain.

55
Q

Sensation - def

A

conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of responses by the nervous sytem.

56
Q

Perception - def

A

making sense of that information (from sensation.)

57
Q

3 Steps of Perception -

A

Attend, Process, Organize.

58
Q

Attention - perceptual selectivity - stimulus factors (4.)

A

Intensity.
Size.
Motion.
Repetition.

59
Q

The most important thing to stimulus factors is…. ?

A

Contrast.

60
Q

Personal factors - attention - 3

A

Motivation, expectation, past experience -

61
Q

Mental Set - def

A

formed when we are psychologically ready, or predisposed, to perceive something.

62
Q

Bottom-up processing - def

A

stimulus processing/inductive. Data-driven processing (synthesis.) Perception determined partly by the bits and pieces of info received via sense.

63
Q

Top-down processing - def

A

deductive. Conceptually driven processing (decomposition.) Perception depends partly on what you already know.

64
Q

Taking the picture of the old lady/young lady… if you already have seen it, you are using what form of processing?

A

Top-down processing

65
Q

Personal factors for top down -

A

we perceive stimuli as going together because we want them to, expect them to, or because they have gone together in the past.

66
Q

Stimulus Factor - Continuity - def

A

things appear to continue the way that they started.

67
Q

Stimulus Factor - Closure - def

A

filling in spaces or gaps.

68
Q

Stimulus Factor - Proximity - def

A

events occurring together perceived as part of the same whole.

69
Q

Stimulus Factor - Similarity - def

A

stimuli that are alike tend to be grouped together.

70
Q

Stimulus Factor - Common fate - def

A

stimuli that appear to move together are grouped together.

71
Q

Stimulus Factor - Subjective Contours - def

A

where arrangements of lines and patterns enable us to see figures that are not actually there.

72
Q

Figure ground relationship - def

A

those stimuli that are attended to and grouped together are figured, where as the rest is the ground - it’s the QUEEN/VASE.

73
Q

Ocular Cues - def

A

cues to depth/distance based on how eye works.

74
Q

Retinal disparity - def

A

each eye gets slightly different view of a 3D object

75
Q

Convergence - def

A

eyes turn towards each other when something gets close.

76
Q

Organism with front set eyes have better depth perception. T/F?!

A

True!

77
Q

Retinal Disparity and Convergence - binocular or monocular?

A

Binocular (requires both eyes.)

78
Q

Accommodation - def

A

doesn’t work well more than an arm’s length away. It is when the lens changes shape to focus images on retina. We lose this ability over time.

79
Q

Accommodation is binocular - T/F?

A

FALSE. It is monocular - requires just one eye.

80
Q

Physical Cues - relative size - def

A

like how in a painting, things closer are bigger.

81
Q

Physical Cues - Interposition - def

A

objects in front obscure objects behind them (like a card on top of another.)

82
Q

Physical Cues - Linear Perspective - def

A

lines appear to converge in the distance.

83
Q

Physical Cues - Texture Gradient - def

A

texture appears to become smoother as it gets farther out.

84
Q

Physical Cues - Motion Parallax - def

A

objects that are closer tend to appear that they are moving faster.

85
Q

Physical Cues - Patterns of shading - def

A

gives the appearance of 3D.

86
Q

Vestibular sense - def

A

tells us about balance, about where we are in relation to gravity, and about acceleration or deceleration.

87
Q

Kinesthetic Sense - def

A

senses the position and movements of parts of the body.

88
Q

Shape constancy - example

A

door has different shape when it’s open vs. closed.

89
Q

Brightness Constancy - def

A

the brightness remains roughly the same in darker light.

90
Q

Color Constancy - def

A

you always know the color, even if some stimuli changes.

Psychology (8 decks)

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