Psychology - Chapter 12 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What is abnormal? The ___ that violate social and statistical norms.
A
ABC’s.
2
Q
Abnormal - are they maladaptive/impairing?
A
Yes! It interfere’s with the person’s functioning.
3
Q
Abnormal - they don’t cause distress. T/F?
A
False - they do! Either personally or socially.
4
Q
What are the “core” abnormal signs?
A
Maladaptive/impairing and distress-causing.
5
Q
Diagnosis - def
A
recognizing a disorder based on a set of specific symptoms.
6
Q
There is a ___ for which above the symptoms are problematic and below which they aren’t.
A
threshold.
7
Q
DSM-IV-TR - What date? Some info?
A
2000 - Multi-axial classification system.
8
Q
DSM-IV-TR - most/least widely used classification that is vital for insurance. ?
A
MOST!
9
Q
DSM 5- Date/info.
A
2015 - No axial distinction between physical and mental illness.
10
Q
Comorbidity - def
A
presence of 2 or more disorders.
11
Q
Labeling - cause a ….
A
stigma.
12
Q
Insanity - a ___ term, __ for clinical use.
A
Legal term - NOT for clinical use.
13
Q
Normal vs. Abnormal - on a ____.
A
Continuum.
14
Q
Dangerous - not rare. T/F?
A
False - it is very rare!
15
Q
Case studies are the norm. T/F?
A
False - they are not the norm!
16
Q
Axis 1 - What is it?
A
Clnical Syndrome.
17
Q
Axis 2 - What is it?
A
Personality disorder or Mental Retardation.
18
Q
Axis 3 - What is it?
A
Generalized Medical Conditions relative to the psychiatric problem, maybe due to cancer or hypothyroidism (which can cause symptoms like depression.)
19
Q
Axis 4 - What is it?
A
Environmental Contributions - psychosocial stressors, like what’s happening in their lives, like marital discord and such.
20
Q
Axis 5 - What is it?
A
Global assessment of functioning (GAF), which is a 1-100 scale.
91-100 = good level.
51-60 = moderate range.
10’s/single digits = danger to self or others or severely Mentally retarded.
21
Q
What is the nature of anxiety?
A
Worry.
22
Q
Anxiety - apprehension over…
A
unreasonable stressors?
23
Q
Anxiety - def
A
feeling of general apprehension or dread accompanied by predictable, physiological changes.
24
Q
Anxiety - accompanied by…
A
predictable physical changes, like increased HR, RR, etc.
25
Fear - apprehension over...
perceived danger (that could truly, actually happy.)
26
Generalized Anxiety Disorder - characterized by...
excessive, persistent worry over unrealistic events, but also worry, in general.
27
GAD - worry is known or unknown?
Unknown.
28
GAD - accompanied by...
fear, pain, etc.
29
Panic Disorder - recurrent, unexpected ___ ___.
Panic attacks.
30
Panic Disorder - accompanied by __ or more physical symptoms, like increased heart rat, sweating, etc.
1 or more!
31
Panic Disorder - persistent worry about ___ attacks, along with worry about the implications or complications of these attacks.
Future.
32
With Panic Disorder, you must rule out a ___ cause.
Medical cause, substance abuse, etc.
33
Agoraphobia - fear and avoidance of.....
places and situations from which one cannot escape/control.
34
Agoraphobia - avoid situations due to worries about.....
having no control, fear of social embarrassment, open spaces, etc.
35
Specific Phobia - persistent, extreme fear of...
some object.
36
Specific Phobia - reaction to feared stimulus is ___.
Extensive, almost like a panic attack.
37
Specific phobia - Individual actively avoids exposure to ___ ____.
Feared stimulus.
38
Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) - anticipatory fear of....
a particular social or performance related event, like public speaking, etc.
39
Social Phobia - the fear that others might ....
notice their discomfort, etc, so they try and avoid social events.
40
Social Phobia - they must realize their fear is ___ and that it causes ____.
Excessive/distress or impairment.
41
OCD - obsessions - def.
Persistent thoughts or images that intrude into awareness and cause distress. They could be like shaking a hand could give you germs. They are generally unpleasant and are perceived to be out of the patient's control.
42
OCD - Compulsions - def
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts done to counteract distress produced by obsessions (an example of negative reinforcement.) They could be like checking a door/lock a lot. It is performed as long as needed for the anxiety to diminish that may increase over time. It has to be really impairing, like making you late for work.
43
PTSD - def
reexperiencing of a traumatic event, accompanied by increased physiological arousal + avoidance.
44
PTSD - Trauma - threat of __ or ___.
Threat of death or serious injury.
45
PTSD - you reexperience with __, __, or __.
Flashbacks, dreams, etc. The flashbacks can be really severe, too..almost like hallucinations.
46
PTSD - Arousal - they are....
easily startled, difficultly sleepy, hyper vigilant, etc.
47
PTSD - Avoidance -
forgetting, not going where trauma occurred, emotionally detaching.
48
Somatic Symptom Disorders - soma = ___.
Body.
49
Somatization Disorder - removed from DSM-5 - T/F?
True!
50
In the DSM-5, most people who has a Somatization Disorder will meet criteria for new "____."
Somatic Symptom Disorder.
51
Hypochondriasis - removed from DSM-5. T/F?
True!
52
Hypochondriasis - since it's removed from the DSM-5, most will meet criteria for ___ or ___ in the DSM-5.
Somatic Symptom Disorder or Illness Anxiety Disorder (which is new for the DSM-5.)
53
Somatic Symptom Disorder - presence of...
bodily symptoms that are distressing or impairing. Theses are EXCESSIVE (in terms of the ABC's). It could be like going to the doctor too much (behavior.)
54
Illness Anxiety Disorder - def
preoccupation with having or developing a serious illness.
55
Illness Anxiety Disorder - absence of ____ ___ ___.
Prominent Somatic Symptoms.
56
Conversion Disorder - unexplainable, unintentional loss of...
physical functioning without a medical cause.
57
Conversion Disorder -can be loss of motor or sensory. T/F?
True! - Motor could be paralysis, sense could be blindness.
58
Conversion Disorder - ___ __ usually precedes onset or warning.
Psychological Distress.
59
Conversion Disorder - more common in men or women?
Women! (Freud thought it was a disease of the uterus!)
60
Conversation Disorder - they think they are faking it. T/F?
False - they truly think it's an actual problem!
61
With Conversion Disorder, it's biologically improbably. T/F?
True! like, they could think they are having a seizure but it doesn't show up on the EEG.
62
Dissociative Amnesia - def
inability to recall personal information with no accompanying medical explanation.
63
Dissociative Amnesia - fugue - def
now a specifier - fugue has to do with travel. So, if someone wanders around in a different state and doesn't know who they are, they have Dissociative Amnesia WITH fugue.
64
Dissociative Identity Disorder - def
Formerly MPD. It's the presence of 2 or more personalities in the same person. The average is 15!
65
Dissociative Identity Disorder - Primary = def
This is the person that carries the name and usually has amnesia for what the other personalities do.
66
DID - The change in personalities is...
sudden, drastic, and unintentional.
67
DID - may be associated with ___ ___ ___.
severe abuse in childhood.
68
DID - same as Schizophrenia. T/F?
False!
69
Personality Disorder - they are ____, as in, part of who we are.
Characterological.
70
Personality Disorders - they are ___ lasting.
Long lasting.
71
Personality Disorders - Often cannot be diagnosed before age ___, the individual does not view their behavior as ____, the disorder is often resistant to ___, and the prevalence is _ to _ % of the U.S.
18/dysfunctional/treatment/10-20.
72
Cluster A Personality Disorders - they act...
Extremely odd or eccentric.
73
Paranoid Personality Disorder - def
distrustful, suspicious of other's motives, etc.
74
Schizoid Personality Disorder - def
socially detached, unemotional, and prefers to be alone (even with sex!), they have a cold personality, etc.
75
Cluster B Personality Disorders - def
Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic.
76
Histrionic PD - Def
Dramatic, emotional, attention seeking - the "Drama Queen" PD. They are always trying to one up people..
77
Narcissistic PD - def
Grandiose, needs admiration, lack empathy, wants you to see how important they are.
78
Borderline PD - def
Emotionally and interpersonally unstable, impulsive, fear abandonment (3:1 female.).
79
Cutting/Self-harm is a huge red flag for ___ PD.
Borderline.
80
Antisocial PD - def
disregard for and violation of the rights of others. (3:1 male.) They don't really care what happens to people - they do bad things because they think others would just do them anyway and they show no remorse. Hopefully it will burn out at around age 40!
81
Cluster C Personality Disorders - they are...
anxious and fearful.
82
Avoidant PD - def
socially inhibited, feeling inadequate, too anxious, overly sensitive to negative evaluation or criticism.
83
Dependent Personality Disorder - def
submissive, clingy, excessive, need to be taken care of. They will have a hard time making decisions and they jump from one relationship to another.
84
Autism - def
impaired social interaction, problems in communication and unusual or severely limited activities and interests.
85
ADHD - def
difficult in following or attending to repetitive or boring tasks. Also includes impulsivity and hyperactivity.
86
Dementia - def
marked loss of intellectual abilities.
87
Alzheimer's Dementia - def
slow deterioration of intellectual functioning that is a degenerative disease.
88
Mood Disorders - aka ___.
Affective Disorder - disturbance of mood is the primary feature!
89
Mood Disorders - related to..
persistent, abnormally high and/or low mood.
90
Unipolar - def
Depression.
91
Bipolar - def
manic depression.
92
Major Depressive Disorder - Lifetime prevalence - _ % men, _ % women.
10 men, 20 women.
93
Major Depressive Disorder - Symptoms (9) (and you have to have 5 or more to be diagnosed!)
SIGMECAPS.
S - Sleep (insomnia/hypersomnia.)
I - Interest (anhedonia, loss of interest or pleasure.)
G - Guilt (feeling or worthlessness or excessive guilt.)
M - Mood (depressed mood most of the time.)
E - Energy (fatigue or loss of energy.)
C - Concentration (hard to think, decide, concentrate, etc.)
A - Appetite (too low or high, gain or lose weight.)
P - Psychomotor (physically restless or slowed down.)
S - Suicidal (recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.)
94
For MDD, which two symptoms have to be met (along with the other 3) in order to be diagnosed?
Interest and Mood!
95
Persistent Depressive Disorder - includes...and lasts...
Former Dysthymic Disorder, a milder, chronic form of depression that lasts more than 2 years (same for PDD.)
96
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - new in the DSM-5.
True!
97
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - significant, impairing __ __ related to menses.
Mood changes.
98
Premenstrual DD - symptoms worsen in ___ phase of cycle and remit around time of ___.
Premenstrual cycle/menstruation.
99
Bipolar - mix of..
depressed mood and mania.
100
Mania - def
excessively high blood, euphoria, inflated self-esteem, overly talkative, etc.
101
Bipolar - lifetime prevalence =
1-2%, and is equally common in men and women.
102
Causes of Mood Disorders - __ v ___.
Nature vs. Nurture.
103
Diathesis Stress Model - def
inherited genes may predispose certain people towards a particular illness, but the illness is only expressed if "activated" by sufficient stress or trauma.
104
Schizophrenia - disorders characterized by...
psychotic symptoms (distortions of reality.)
105
Schizophrenia - usually __ and very __.
Chronic/impairing.
106
Schizophrenia - lifetime prevalence is _% across all countries.
1%
107
Age of onset for Schizophrenia =
Mid to late 20's.
108
Schizophrenia - most will need meds for only a short time. T/F?
False - they will need it for most of their lives!
109
Schizophrenia - Negative Symptoms - def
loss of normal functioning, like flat affect, loss of speech (alogia), loss of goal-directed behavior (avolition, like wandering without a purpose, not showering, not doing basic care needs!)
110
Schizophrenia - Positive Symptoms - def
Hallucinations (false perceptions) that can be along any sensory line.
Delusions - firmly held, false belief.
111
Delusion of Reference - def
believing that the person on TV is talking to you (like, legit.)
112
Delusions of Grandiosity - def
believing you have special powers.
113
Delusions of Persecution - def
thinking people are after you!
114
What causes Schizophrenia?
It's really unknown, but it could be about the structure of the brain (think about the ventricles!) and then neurochemicals (dopamine), and all that.
