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Psychology > Psychology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

We do not have more neurons at birth. T/F?

A

False - we have more at birth!

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2
Q

Apoptosis - def

A

programmed cell death.

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3
Q

Neuroscientists - def

A

scientists concerned with the development, structure, function, chemistry, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system.

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4
Q

Neuron - def

A

a microscopic cell that transmits information in the form of neural impulses from one part of the body to another.

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5
Q

A neuron is ___ matter.

A

Grey

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6
Q

Grey matter vs white matter.

A

Grey matter = cell bodies, white matter is more axons.

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7
Q

Neurogenesis - def

A

the production of functioning neurons at birth.

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8
Q

Cell body - def

A

cell’s most concentrated mass.

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9
Q

Dendrites - def

A

tentacle like structure of the cell body.

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10
Q

Axons - def

A

long tail of the neuron.

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11
Q

Myelin - def

A

axon’s fatty insulation.

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12
Q

Axon terminals - def

A

sending end of the cell, where the cell sends info to the next cell. It branches at the end.

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13
Q

MS - a ___ condition.

A

DE-myelinating.

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14
Q

What is the job of a neuron?

A

transmit information (in form of a neural impulse) throughout the nervous system.

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15
Q

Neural impulse - def

A

rapid, reversible change in electrical charges inside and outside of a neuron.

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16
Q

Neurons are filled with & surrounded by fluids that…..

A

contain electrically charged chemical ions.

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17
Q

Neuron Steps (3)

A
  1. Rest.
  2. Fires
  3. Recuperates
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18
Q

Resting potential - def

A

electrical tension resulting from positive + negative ions attraction to each other across the membrane.

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19
Q

At rest, the neuron is ___, at __ milivolts.

A

negative, -70mv.

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20
Q

Action Potential - steps (4.)

A
  1. Stimulation causes an influx of positive ions.
  2. The electrical tension (of the resting potential) is now released.
  3. For an instant, a neuron becomes positively charged (action potential= + 40mv).
  4. Depolarization spreads down the axon and the nerve impulse is transmitted.
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21
Q

All or non principle - def

A

it doesn’t partly act - it acts all it can (the impulse/action potential.)

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22
Q

The refractory period - def

A

brief time during which a neuron that has just fired cannot fire again.

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23
Q

Cell becomes ____ after the refractory period and more ___.

A

hyperpolarzied - <-70mv.

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24
Q

We can measure electrical activity in the brain by ___

A

EEG - electroencephalogram.

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25
Q

SSRI’s - def

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor - prevents post synapse form retaking serotonin.

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26
Q

Steps in Synaptic Transmission - (5)

A
  1. Neural Impulse travels down axon and reaches axon terminal.
  2. Vesicles at the surface of the axon terminal membrane rupture.
  3. Neurotransmitter floods the synaptic cleft and connects with receptor sites on post synaptic membrane.
  4. Neurotransmitter either excites or inhibits the neuron.
  5. Neurotransmitter is either broken down by an enzyme or reabsorbed through reuptake.
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27
Q

Neurotransmitters (NT) - def

A

chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.

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28
Q

Vesicles - def

A

small container of NT.

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29
Q

Acetylcholine - def, highs/low.

A

Def - stimulates muscle contraction, associated w/memory formation + overall arousal.
High - muscle rigidity.
Low - Alzheimer’s.

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30
Q

Botox paralyzes…

A

muscle.

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31
Q

Norepinephrine - def/highs/lows

A

maintains vigilance + activation, associated with high levels of emotional arousal. AKA - noradrenaline.
High - anxiety
Low - depression.

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32
Q

Dopamine - def/highs/lows

A

helps regulate mood + determine what is rewarding, associated with mood + thought disturbances + motor function.
High - (cocaine, rush of dopamine.) Thoughts –> delusions, voices, etc.
Low - requires Dopamine Replacement Therapy - Parkinson’s.

33
Q

Serotonin - def

A

involved in sleep/wake cycle, depression, and aggression.

34
Q

Trytophan breaks down into….

A

serotonin.

35
Q

Endorphins - def

A

suppress pain, may cause pleasure during risky behavior.

36
Q

Peripheral Nervous System -

A

nerves, outside the brain/spine.

37
Q

Somatic - def

A

serves the skeletal muscles and picks up sensory impulses.

38
Q

Autonomic - def

A

activates the smooth muscles - provides feedback to the CNS.

39
Q

Sympathetic - active during…

A

arousal or excitement - think symp-auto-react.

40
Q

Parasympathetic - active during..

A

relaxation. bring you back down to earth.

41
Q

Endocrine system - def

A

a system of glands that produce hormones, which regulate important bodily functions.

42
Q

Feedback loops - def

A

similar to heating cooling system in our homes. Hot air = hormones, set point = 72 degree.

43
Q

Endocrine glands - def

A

glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream.

44
Q

Pituitary - def

A

master gland. It controls the others.

45
Q

Thyroid - def

A

pace’s body’s functions.

46
Q

Hypothyroidism can look like…..

A

depression.

47
Q

Adrenal - prepares for….

A

fight or flight.

48
Q

Gonads - secrete…

A

sex hormones.

49
Q

Androgens - male or female?

A

men, testosterone, testes.

50
Q

Estrogens - male or female?

A

women, estrogen - ovaries.

51
Q

Sensory Neurons - afferent

A

Carry impulses into the CNS.

52
Q

Interneurons -

A

carry impulses within the CNS.

53
Q

Motor neurons - efferent

A

carry impulses away from the CNS.

54
Q

Basal Ganglia - def

A

involved in planning, initiation, and coordination of large, slow movement.

55
Q

Parkinson’s disease - def

A

disorder involving the basal ganglia, in which the most noticeable symptoms are impairment of movement and involuntary tremors.

56
Q

Reticular Formation - def

A

involved in determining our level of activation or arousal.

57
Q

The Cerebral Cortex - def

A

the large, convoluted outer portion of the brain that gives us our ability to think, reason, and use language.

58
Q

The Limbic System - def

A

a collection of small structures that controls many of the complex behavioral patterns that are often considered to be instinctive.

59
Q

Amygdala - what’s here?

A

fear, rage, aggression, can also be involved in sympathy and empathy.

60
Q

Hippocampus - what’s here?

A

Memory - you’d remember if you saw a hippo on campus!

61
Q

Hypothalamus - complex role in…

A

motivational and emotional reactions, such as aggression.

62
Q

Thalamus - a relay station for…

A

impulses traveling to and from the cerebral cortex.

63
Q

The cortex - divided into __ hemispheres and __ lobes.

A

2/4

64
Q

Sensory area - def

A

area of cerebral cortex that receives impulses from the sense.

65
Q

Vision - ___ lobes.

A

occipital.

66
Q

Hearing - __ lobes.

A

Temporal lobes.

67
Q

“Bodily senses” - __ lobes at the ___ cortex.

A

Parietal lobes @ the somatosensory cortex. Strips of this area are devoted to our hands/sense areas - think of that man with the big hands!

68
Q

Motor area - areas located at…

A

the very back of the frontal lobes that are involved in initiating voluntary activity.

69
Q

Association - the remaining cortex. T/F?

A

True!

70
Q

Association area - def

A

integration of sensory input and motor responses. Cognitive functions occur here.

71
Q

Left hemisphere - def

A

process linguistic info, analytic, verbal area. Left= linguistic.

72
Q

Right hemisphere - def

A

process visual info, creative.

73
Q

Left handed people are ___ brain dominate.

A

Right.

74
Q

Corpus callosum - network of…

A

fibers connecting the two hemispheres. maintains contact between both hemispheres.

75
Q

The corpus callosum cannot be cut. T/F?

A

False. it can, to treat epilepsy.

76
Q

Agenesis of the corpus callosum - def

A

no growth.

77
Q

CT Scan - what it does.

A

Takes a series of thousands of X-Ray pictures of the brain from many angles.

78
Q

PET Scan - def

A

positron emission tomography. Gives insight about the function of the intact brain.

79
Q

FMRI - def

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This technique allows for the measurement of the movement of molecules of blood, taken as an indicator of neural activity.

Psychology (8 decks)

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