Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Psychology Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning - def

A

a psychological process demonstrated by a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of practice or experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Learning is not a permanent behavior change. T/F?!

A

False. It is relatively permanent!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Learning results from __ or ____.

A

Practice or experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major types of learning are…. (with names of people associated) - 3

A

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov.
Operant Conditioning - Skinner.
Observational Learning - Bandura.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reflex - def

A

an unlearned, automatic response that occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Orienting Relfex - def

A

a simple, unlearned response of attending to a new or unusual stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Habituation - def

A

a simple form of learning in which an organism comes to disregard a stimulus of little or no consequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Classical Conditioning - def

A

learning via pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) & unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Timing of pairing does not matter with Classical Conditioning. T/F?

A

False - it does matter!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classical Conditioning - NS - def

A

Neutral Stimulus - not related to/does not produce response of interest. It becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with UCS until it comes to produce response of interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classical Conditioning - UCS - def

A

already elicits response of interest (does so automatically.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Response - def

A

Natural response to an existing, unconditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classical Conditioning - Conditioned Response - CR - def

A

learned response to conditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CR is weaker than the UCR. T/F?!

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stage 1 of CC - and def…

A

acquisition. Stage where CS + UCS are repeatedly paired + strength of CR increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stage 2 of CC - and def…

A

Extinction - stage where CS is repeatedly presented alone + strength of CR decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stage 3 of CC - and def…

A

Spontaneous recovery - automatic return of extinguished CR following a rest period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stimulus Generalization - def

A

elicitation of the CR by stimuli from, but similar, to the original CS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Discrimination Learning - def

A

process where organism learns to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responds with the CR to select stimuli (like making something stand out.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phobic Disorder - def

A

intense, irrational fear of object/event that leads to avoidance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Systemic Desensitization - def

A

treatment of phobia where goal is gradually teaching patient to associate positive feelings with previously feared stimulus (pairing with happy thoughts.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fear Hierarchy - 4 steps.

A
  1. Starting to talk about “spiders.”
  2. Looking at pictures of “spiders.”
  3. Sitting next to a “spider.”
  4. Touching a “spider.”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Desensitization - flooding. def.

A

You just kind of jump into desensitization and one should be clear of the fear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Operant - def

A

behavior an organism uses to operate on its environment to produce certain effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Operant Conditioning - def

A

learning based on consequences of a particular behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Skinner is known for operant conditioning. T/F?!

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 1 - def

A

Acquisition - Consistent reinforcement leads to an increase in rate of response.

28
Q

Successive Approximations - def

A

getting the test animal/person to make steps towards the operant behavior.

29
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 2 - def

A

Extinction - decreases in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld.

30
Q

Extinction burst - def

A

burst of activity.

31
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 3 - def

A

Spontaneous Recovery - comes back suddenly.

32
Q

Generalization - Operant Conditioning

A

occurence of a reinforced target behavior in conditions different from, but similar to, the original.

33
Q

Discrimination Training - Operant conditioning - def

A

differential reinforcement to combat generalization.

34
Q

Differential reinforcement - Operant Conditioning - def

A

reinforcing only those responses made to appropriate stimuli.

35
Q

Reinforcer - def

A

any thing/stimuli that increases the target behavior.

36
Q

Primary Reinforcer - def

A

does not require previous experience to be effective - related to survival (instinctual.) Food is a good example of this.

37
Q

Secondary Reinforcer - def

A

has to be learned that it’s important, like money.

38
Q

Positive Reinforcement - def

A

REWARD. Increases a behavior by adding something pleasant, like giving candy, praise, money, etc.

39
Q

It’s an assumption that a positive reinforcer will actually be positive. T/F?

A

True!

40
Q

Negative Reinforcer - def

A

increases a behavior by removing something unpleasant. Like, taking away pain, fear, embarrassment.

41
Q

Escape Conditioning - def

A

learning to get away from a pre-existing aversive stimulus. Like…taking an aspirin for a headache.

42
Q

Avoidance Conditioning - def

A

learning to avoid an aversive stimulus before it occurs. Like…plugging your nose before you jump into a pool!

43
Q

Learned Helplessness - def

A

learning that there is no escape from aversive stimulus & passively giving in without resistance. “Things will always be bad and they always have been bad.”

44
Q

Continuous Reinforcement- Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

every occurrence the target behavior is reinforced. (1:1). Every time the rat pushes the button, it gets food.

45
Q

Pros and Cons of continuous reinforcement -

A

Pros - gets a behavior to start quickly. Cons - bad if you don’t have reinforcer handy. It also extinguishes quickly.

46
Q

Fixed Rate - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer is only given after the target behavior is performed a certain fixed # of times (like FR 1:5 or 1/5).

47
Q

The fixed ratio cannot be predictable. T/F?

A

FALSE. It can be!

48
Q

Fixed Interval - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer is only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a preset, fixed time interval. Like..paychecks every 2 weeks!

49
Q

Variable schedule of reinforcement - variable is only given…

A

after the target behavior is performed a certain variable # of times.

50
Q

Variable Interval - schedule of reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a time interval, which is varied after each reinforcer. (Like a slot machine!)

51
Q

Shaping - def

A

a procedure that reinforces successive approximations of the response you ultimately want to condition.

52
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement & Extinction - which is quickest to extinguish, which is in between, and which is slowest to become extinguished?

A

Quickest - Continuous.
Middle - Fixed
Slowest - Variable.

53
Q

Punishment - def

A

decreasing a rate of a target behavior by introducing a punisher.

54
Q

Positive Punishment - def

A

PAIN - decreasing a behavior by giving an aversive consequence. Examples are shock, loud tone, spanking, etc.

55
Q

Negative Punishment - def

A

LOSS - decreasing a behavior by taking away a pleasant stimulus. Like a fine, taking away TV time, etc.

56
Q

Classical - forming an association between ___. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior.

Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a ___ and a ____.

A

Classical - forming an association between two stimuli. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior.

Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a behavior and a consequence.

57
Q

Social Learning Theory - def

A

theory that learning often takes place by observing and imitating models.

58
Q

Who was a big part of the Social Learning Theory?

A

Bandura!

59
Q

Learning - def (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model perform a novel behavior can result in learning the behavior.

60
Q

Inhibition - def (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model being punished for a behavior can stop that behavior.

61
Q

Disinhibition - def - (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model perform or be rewarded for a behavior can lead one to resume that behavior.

62
Q

Latent learning - def

A

learning that does not appear in behavior.

63
Q

Cognitive Map - def

A

a mental picture of the environment, including significant landmarks.

64
Q

Vicarious reinforcement - def

A

learning about the consequences of behavior by observing what happens to someone else; leads to acquisition of new behaviors.

65
Q

Vicarious punishment - def

A

leads to inhibition of behavior.

Psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions