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Psychology > Psychology Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning - def

A

a psychological process demonstrated by a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of practice or experience.

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2
Q

Learning is not a permanent behavior change. T/F?!

A

False. It is relatively permanent!

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3
Q

Learning results from __ or ____.

A

Practice or experience.

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4
Q

Major types of learning are…. (with names of people associated) - 3

A

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov.
Operant Conditioning - Skinner.
Observational Learning - Bandura.

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5
Q

Reflex - def

A

an unlearned, automatic response that occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus.

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6
Q

Orienting Relfex - def

A

a simple, unlearned response of attending to a new or unusual stimulus.

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7
Q

Habituation - def

A

a simple form of learning in which an organism comes to disregard a stimulus of little or no consequence.

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8
Q

Classical Conditioning - def

A

learning via pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) & unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

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9
Q

Timing of pairing does not matter with Classical Conditioning. T/F?

A

False - it does matter!

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10
Q

Classical Conditioning - NS - def

A

Neutral Stimulus - not related to/does not produce response of interest. It becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with UCS until it comes to produce response of interest.

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11
Q

Classical Conditioning - UCS - def

A

already elicits response of interest (does so automatically.)

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12
Q

Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Response - def

A

Natural response to an existing, unconditioned stimulus.

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning - Conditioned Response - CR - def

A

learned response to conditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

CR is weaker than the UCR. T/F?!

A

True!

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15
Q

Stage 1 of CC - and def…

A

acquisition. Stage where CS + UCS are repeatedly paired + strength of CR increases.

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16
Q

Stage 2 of CC - and def…

A

Extinction - stage where CS is repeatedly presented alone + strength of CR decreases.

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17
Q

Stage 3 of CC - and def…

A

Spontaneous recovery - automatic return of extinguished CR following a rest period.

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18
Q

Stimulus Generalization - def

A

elicitation of the CR by stimuli from, but similar, to the original CS.

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19
Q

Discrimination Learning - def

A

process where organism learns to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responds with the CR to select stimuli (like making something stand out.)

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20
Q

Phobic Disorder - def

A

intense, irrational fear of object/event that leads to avoidance.

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21
Q

Systemic Desensitization - def

A

treatment of phobia where goal is gradually teaching patient to associate positive feelings with previously feared stimulus (pairing with happy thoughts.)

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22
Q

Fear Hierarchy - 4 steps.

A
  1. Starting to talk about “spiders.”
  2. Looking at pictures of “spiders.”
  3. Sitting next to a “spider.”
  4. Touching a “spider.”
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23
Q

Desensitization - flooding. def.

A

You just kind of jump into desensitization and one should be clear of the fear.

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24
Q

Operant - def

A

behavior an organism uses to operate on its environment to produce certain effects.

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25
Q

Operant Conditioning - def

A

learning based on consequences of a particular behavior.

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26
Q

Skinner is known for operant conditioning. T/F?!

A

True!

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27
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 1 - def

A

Acquisition - Consistent reinforcement leads to an increase in rate of response.

28
Q

Successive Approximations - def

A

getting the test animal/person to make steps towards the operant behavior.

29
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 2 - def

A

Extinction - decreases in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld.

30
Q

Extinction burst - def

A

burst of activity.

31
Q

Operant Conditioning - Stage 3 - def

A

Spontaneous Recovery - comes back suddenly.

32
Q

Generalization - Operant Conditioning

A

occurence of a reinforced target behavior in conditions different from, but similar to, the original.

33
Q

Discrimination Training - Operant conditioning - def

A

differential reinforcement to combat generalization.

34
Q

Differential reinforcement - Operant Conditioning - def

A

reinforcing only those responses made to appropriate stimuli.

35
Q

Reinforcer - def

A

any thing/stimuli that increases the target behavior.

36
Q

Primary Reinforcer - def

A

does not require previous experience to be effective - related to survival (instinctual.) Food is a good example of this.

37
Q

Secondary Reinforcer - def

A

has to be learned that it’s important, like money.

38
Q

Positive Reinforcement - def

A

REWARD. Increases a behavior by adding something pleasant, like giving candy, praise, money, etc.

39
Q

It’s an assumption that a positive reinforcer will actually be positive. T/F?

A

True!

40
Q

Negative Reinforcer - def

A

increases a behavior by removing something unpleasant. Like, taking away pain, fear, embarrassment.

41
Q

Escape Conditioning - def

A

learning to get away from a pre-existing aversive stimulus. Like…taking an aspirin for a headache.

42
Q

Avoidance Conditioning - def

A

learning to avoid an aversive stimulus before it occurs. Like…plugging your nose before you jump into a pool!

43
Q

Learned Helplessness - def

A

learning that there is no escape from aversive stimulus & passively giving in without resistance. “Things will always be bad and they always have been bad.”

44
Q

Continuous Reinforcement- Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

every occurrence the target behavior is reinforced. (1:1). Every time the rat pushes the button, it gets food.

45
Q

Pros and Cons of continuous reinforcement -

A

Pros - gets a behavior to start quickly. Cons - bad if you don’t have reinforcer handy. It also extinguishes quickly.

46
Q

Fixed Rate - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer is only given after the target behavior is performed a certain fixed # of times (like FR 1:5 or 1/5).

47
Q

The fixed ratio cannot be predictable. T/F?

A

FALSE. It can be!

48
Q

Fixed Interval - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer is only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a preset, fixed time interval. Like..paychecks every 2 weeks!

49
Q

Variable schedule of reinforcement - variable is only given…

A

after the target behavior is performed a certain variable # of times.

50
Q

Variable Interval - schedule of reinforcement - def

A

reinforcer only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a time interval, which is varied after each reinforcer. (Like a slot machine!)

51
Q

Shaping - def

A

a procedure that reinforces successive approximations of the response you ultimately want to condition.

52
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement & Extinction - which is quickest to extinguish, which is in between, and which is slowest to become extinguished?

A

Quickest - Continuous.
Middle - Fixed
Slowest - Variable.

53
Q

Punishment - def

A

decreasing a rate of a target behavior by introducing a punisher.

54
Q

Positive Punishment - def

A

PAIN - decreasing a behavior by giving an aversive consequence. Examples are shock, loud tone, spanking, etc.

55
Q

Negative Punishment - def

A

LOSS - decreasing a behavior by taking away a pleasant stimulus. Like a fine, taking away TV time, etc.

56
Q

Classical - forming an association between ___. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior.

Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a ___ and a ____.

A

Classical - forming an association between two stimuli. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior.

Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a behavior and a consequence.

57
Q

Social Learning Theory - def

A

theory that learning often takes place by observing and imitating models.

58
Q

Who was a big part of the Social Learning Theory?

A

Bandura!

59
Q

Learning - def (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model perform a novel behavior can result in learning the behavior.

60
Q

Inhibition - def (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model being punished for a behavior can stop that behavior.

61
Q

Disinhibition - def - (as part of SLT.)

A

observing a model perform or be rewarded for a behavior can lead one to resume that behavior.

62
Q

Latent learning - def

A

learning that does not appear in behavior.

63
Q

Cognitive Map - def

A

a mental picture of the environment, including significant landmarks.

64
Q

Vicarious reinforcement - def

A

learning about the consequences of behavior by observing what happens to someone else; leads to acquisition of new behaviors.

65
Q

Vicarious punishment - def

A

leads to inhibition of behavior.

Psychology (8 decks)

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