Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards by Andrew Working

Learning - def

a psychological process demonstrated by a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as the result of practice or experience.

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Learning is not a permanent behavior change. T/F?!

False. It is relatively permanent!

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Learning results from __ or ____.

Practice or experience.

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Major types of learning are…. (with names of people associated) - 3

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov.
Operant Conditioning - Skinner.
Observational Learning - Bandura.

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Reflex - def

an unlearned, automatic response that occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus.

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Orienting Relfex - def

a simple, unlearned response of attending to a new or unusual stimulus.

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Habituation - def

a simple form of learning in which an organism comes to disregard a stimulus of little or no consequence.

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Classical Conditioning - def

learning via pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) & unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

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Timing of pairing does not matter with Classical Conditioning. T/F?

False - it does matter!

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Classical Conditioning - NS - def

Neutral Stimulus - not related to/does not produce response of interest. It becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with UCS until it comes to produce response of interest.

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Classical Conditioning - UCS - def

already elicits response of interest (does so automatically.)

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Classical Conditioning - Unconditioned Response - def

Natural response to an existing, unconditioned stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning - Conditioned Response - CR - def

learned response to conditioned stimulus.

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CR is weaker than the UCR. T/F?!

True!

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Stage 1 of CC - and def…

acquisition. Stage where CS + UCS are repeatedly paired + strength of CR increases.

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Stage 2 of CC - and def…

Extinction - stage where CS is repeatedly presented alone + strength of CR decreases.

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Stage 3 of CC - and def…

Spontaneous recovery - automatic return of extinguished CR following a rest period.

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Stimulus Generalization - def

elicitation of the CR by stimuli from, but similar, to the original CS.

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Discrimination Learning - def

process where organism learns to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responds with the CR to select stimuli (like making something stand out.)

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Phobic Disorder - def

intense, irrational fear of object/event that leads to avoidance.

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Systemic Desensitization - def

treatment of phobia where goal is gradually teaching patient to associate positive feelings with previously feared stimulus (pairing with happy thoughts.)

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Fear Hierarchy - 4 steps.

Starting to talk about “spiders.”
Looking at pictures of “spiders.”
Sitting next to a “spider.”
Touching a “spider.”

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Desensitization - flooding. def.

You just kind of jump into desensitization and one should be clear of the fear.

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Operant - def

behavior an organism uses to operate on its environment to produce certain effects.

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Operant Conditioning - def

learning based on consequences of a particular behavior.

Skinner is known for operant conditioning. T/F?!

True!

Operant Conditioning - Stage 1 - def

Acquisition - Consistent reinforcement leads to an increase in rate of response.

Successive Approximations - def

getting the test animal/person to make steps towards the operant behavior.

Operant Conditioning - Stage 2 - def

Extinction - decreases in rate of response as reinforcers are withheld.

Extinction burst - def

burst of activity.

Operant Conditioning - Stage 3 - def

Spontaneous Recovery - comes back suddenly.

Generalization - Operant Conditioning

occurence of a reinforced target behavior in conditions different from, but similar to, the original.

Discrimination Training - Operant conditioning - def

differential reinforcement to combat generalization.

Differential reinforcement - Operant Conditioning - def

reinforcing only those responses made to appropriate stimuli.

Reinforcer - def

any thing/stimuli that increases the target behavior.

Primary Reinforcer - def

does not require previous experience to be effective - related to survival (instinctual.) Food is a good example of this.

Secondary Reinforcer - def

has to be learned that it's important, like money.

Positive Reinforcement - def

REWARD. Increases a behavior by adding something pleasant, like giving candy, praise, money, etc.

It's an assumption that a positive reinforcer will actually be positive. T/F?

True!

Negative Reinforcer - def

increases a behavior by removing something unpleasant. Like, taking away pain, fear, embarrassment.

Escape Conditioning - def

learning to get away from a pre-existing aversive stimulus. Like...taking an aspirin for a headache.

Avoidance Conditioning - def

learning to avoid an aversive stimulus before it occurs. Like...plugging your nose before you jump into a pool!

Learned Helplessness - def

learning that there is no escape from aversive stimulus & passively giving in without resistance. "Things will always be bad and they always have been bad."

Continuous Reinforcement- Schedule of Reinforcement - def

every occurrence the target behavior is reinforced. (1:1). Every time the rat pushes the button, it gets food.

Pros and Cons of continuous reinforcement -

Pros - gets a behavior to start quickly. Cons - bad if you don't have reinforcer handy. It also extinguishes quickly.

Fixed Rate - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

reinforcer is only given after the target behavior is performed a certain fixed # of times (like FR 1:5 or 1/5).

The fixed ratio cannot be predictable. T/F?

FALSE. It can be!

Fixed Interval - Schedule of Reinforcement - def

reinforcer is only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a preset, fixed time interval. Like..paychecks every 2 weeks!

Variable schedule of reinforcement - variable is only given...

after the target behavior is performed a certain variable # of times.

Variable Interval - schedule of reinforcement - def

reinforcer only given for 1st target behavior that occurs within a time interval, which is varied after each reinforcer. (Like a slot machine!)

Shaping - def

a procedure that reinforces successive approximations of the response you ultimately want to condition.

Schedules of Reinforcement & Extinction - which is quickest to extinguish, which is in between, and which is slowest to become extinguished?

Quickest - Continuous. Middle - Fixed Slowest - Variable.

Punishment - def

decreasing a rate of a target behavior by introducing a punisher.

Positive Punishment - def

PAIN - decreasing a behavior by giving an aversive consequence. Examples are shock, loud tone, spanking, etc.

Negative Punishment - def

LOSS - decreasing a behavior by taking away a pleasant stimulus. Like a fine, taking away TV time, etc.

Classical - forming an association between ___. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior. Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a ___ and a ____.

Classical - forming an association between two stimuli. Involves involuntary, reflexive behavior. Operant Conditioning - forming an association between a behavior and a consequence.

Social Learning Theory - def

theory that learning often takes place by observing and imitating models.

Who was a big part of the Social Learning Theory?

Bandura!

Learning - def (as part of SLT.)

observing a model perform a novel behavior can result in learning the behavior.

Inhibition - def (as part of SLT.)

observing a model being punished for a behavior can stop that behavior.

Disinhibition - def - (as part of SLT.)

observing a model perform or be rewarded for a behavior can lead one to resume that behavior.

Latent learning - def

learning that does not appear in behavior.

Cognitive Map - def

a mental picture of the environment, including significant landmarks.

Vicarious reinforcement - def

learning about the consequences of behavior by observing what happens to someone else; leads to acquisition of new behaviors.

Vicarious punishment - def

leads to inhibition of behavior.