PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Flashcards by jamie rogers

Name 2 reasons that mental health issues appear to have increased over time?

Increased challenges of modern living
Increased recognition and awareness of mental health
reduced social stigma

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Which aspects of modern life are blamed for mental illness rises?

Social isolation
Low income

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Name 2 individual effects of MH problems?

Damage to relationships
Difficulty coping with day to day life
Physical illnesses

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Name 2 societal effects of MH problems?

Need for more social care
Increased crime rates
Increased costs for the economy

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What are the 2 main types of depression?

Unipolar and bipolar

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What are the 3 key symptoms of depression?

Low mood
Loss of interest or pleasure
Reduced energy levels

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How many symptoms do you need to be diagnosed with moderate depression?

4 symptoms or more (including 2 key symptoms) for more than 2 weeks

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Which neuotransmitter is linked to depression?

Low levels of serotonin

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What is the negative triad?

Negative views of the self, the future and the world

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Seligman suggests depression is the result of negative ………………….. and learned ………………………?

attributions ; helplessness

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What 3 types of negative attributions did Seligman suggest cause depression?

internal; stable and global

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What is learned helplessness?

When a person can’t escape a negative experience and give up trying to

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What RWA is there to both bio and cognitive explanations of depression?

Their therapies work! = Drugs and CBT

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Which experiment supports the learned helplessness theory of depression?

Seligman’s ‘electrocuted dogs’ study

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What are the name of the drugs used to traet depression?

SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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A weakness of SSRI therapies for depression?

Side effects
They raise serotonin levels straight away but symptoms don’t improve for 3-4 months?

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CBT therapists will challenge irrational thoughts and may use b…………………… activation and t………………. diaries as part of their work

behavioural; thought

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Who might CBT not be suitable for?

severely depressed
patients with learning difficulties

What is it called when patients drop out of therapy?

Participant attrition

Why are drug therapies criticised for being reductionist?

Only treat the biological symptoms of depression and not the psychological causes

Who studied the use of CBT for treatment resistant depression?

Wiles

Who did Wiles study?

469 participants from Bristol, Exeter and Glasgow with treatment resistant depression

Wiles’ study had 2 groups which were?

Usual care = antidepressants only
Usual care + CBT (12-18 sessions of 1 hr)

How did Wiles measure improvement in depression in her study?

Using scores on the Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire

What did Wiles' find?

After 6 months, CBT group had 46.1% of patients who had more than 50% reduction in symptoms = 20% more than control group

What was the problem of Wiles' using the BDI questionnaire?

Self-report bias = subjective judgements from depressed patients

How did Wiles' deal with participant variables in her independent groups design CBT study?

Ensured both groups had people with similar BDI scores (severity of depression)

Define addiction?

A mental health problem characterised by psychological dependence, tolerance and withdrawal

What is substance abuse?

Using a drug for a bad purpose

Name 3 out of the 6 clinical characteristics of Addiction

strong desire to use substance; persisting despite harm; difficulty controlling use; higher priority given to substance; withdrawal; tolerance

How many symptoms of addiction are required to be diagnosed?

3 or more present together within the last year

Who did Kaij (1960) study?

310 Male twins from Sweden where at least one was alcoholic

What % of twins were both alcoholic in Kaij's study? - MZ? - DZ?

MZ = 61% DZ = 39%

How did Kaij collect his data on his participants?

Interviews with the twins and close relatives

How can peers influence addiction? 1. S.................. L.................... theory 2. S.................. n........... 3. Social I................ theory

1. Social learning 2. norms 3. Identity

Aversion therapy is based on the principle of c............................. c...................................?

classical conditioning

What drug is used as the UCS to treat alcoholics?

Antabuse

What name is given to the use of aversion therapy for smokers?

Rapid smoking

Name a weakness of aversion therapy?

- Poor long term effectiveness for gambling (McConaghy, 1991) - It's not nice so addicts drop out before treatment is complete

Name an example of a self-management therapy for Addiction

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

AA involves the addict surrendering to a 'h.............. p..............'

higher power

Which addiction therapy is recognised as a 'lifelong process' where members of the group support each other?

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

AA may not be a viable therapy for addicts who lack m..............................?

Motivation

Which addiction therapy is seen as more holistic? - AA or Aversion?

AA (12 step programmes) as they focus on the whole person (feelings and emotions and coping strategies)