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MR R's GCSE PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) > PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 2 reasons that mental health issues appear to have increased over time?

A
  • Increased challenges of modern living
  • Increased recognition and awareness of mental health
  • reduced social stigma
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2
Q

Which aspects of modern life are blamed for mental illness rises?

A
  • Social isolation
  • Low income
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3
Q

Name 2 individual effects of MH problems?

A
  • Damage to relationships
  • Difficulty coping with day to day life
  • Physical illnesses
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4
Q

Name 2 societal effects of MH problems?

A
  • Need for more social care
  • Increased crime rates
  • Increased costs for the economy
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5
Q

What are the 2 main types of depression?

A

Unipolar and bipolar

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6
Q

What are the 3 key symptoms of depression?

A
  • Low mood
  • Loss of interest or pleasure
  • Reduced energy levels
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7
Q

How many symptoms do you need to be diagnosed with moderate depression?

A

4 symptoms or more (including 2 key symptoms) for more than 2 weeks

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8
Q

Which neuotransmitter is linked to depression?

A

Low levels of serotonin

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9
Q

What is the negative triad?

A

Negative views of the self, the future and the world

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10
Q

Seligman suggests depression is the result of negative ………………….. and learned ………………………?

A

attributions ; helplessness

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11
Q

What 3 types of negative attributions did Seligman suggest cause depression?

A

internal; stable and global

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12
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When a person can’t escape a negative experience and give up trying to

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13
Q

What RWA is there to both bio and cognitive explanations of depression?

A

Their therapies work! = Drugs and CBT

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14
Q

Which experiment supports the learned helplessness theory of depression?

A

Seligman’s ‘electrocuted dogs’ study

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15
Q

What are the name of the drugs used to traet depression?

A

SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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16
Q

A weakness of SSRI therapies for depression?

A
  • Side effects
  • They raise serotonin levels straight away but symptoms don’t improve for 3-4 months?
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17
Q

CBT therapists will challenge irrational thoughts and may use b…………………… activation and t………………. diaries as part of their work

A

behavioural; thought

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18
Q

Who might CBT not be suitable for?

A
  • severely depressed
  • patients with learning difficulties
19
Q

What is it called when patients drop out of therapy?

A

Participant attrition

20
Q

Why are drug therapies criticised for being reductionist?

A

Only treat the biological symptoms of depression and not the psychological causes

21
Q

Who studied the use of CBT for treatment resistant depression?

A

Wiles

22
Q

Who did Wiles study?

A

469 participants from Bristol, Exeter and Glasgow with treatment resistant depression

23
Q

Wiles’ study had 2 groups which were?

A
  1. Usual care = antidepressants only
  2. Usual care + CBT (12-18 sessions of 1 hr)
24
Q

How did Wiles measure improvement in depression in her study?

A

Using scores on the Beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaire

25
Q

What did Wiles’ find?

A

After 6 months, CBT group had 46.1% of patients who had more than 50% reduction in symptoms = 20% more than control group

26
Q

What was the problem of Wiles’ using the BDI questionnaire?

A

Self-report bias = subjective judgements from depressed patients

27
Q

How did Wiles’ deal with participant variables in her independent groups design CBT study?

A

Ensured both groups had people with similar BDI scores (severity of depression)

28
Q

Define addiction?

A

A mental health problem characterised by psychological dependence, tolerance and withdrawal

29
Q

What is substance abuse?

A

Using a drug for a bad purpose

30
Q

Name 3 out of the 6 clinical characteristics of Addiction

A

strong desire to use substance; persisting despite harm; difficulty controlling use; higher priority given to substance; withdrawal; tolerance

31
Q

How many symptoms of addiction are required to be diagnosed?

A

3 or more present together within the last year

32
Q

Who did Kaij (1960) study?

A

310 Male twins from Sweden where at least one was alcoholic

33
Q

What % of twins were both alcoholic in Kaij’s study?
- MZ?
- DZ?

A

MZ = 61%
DZ = 39%

34
Q

How did Kaij collect his data on his participants?

A

Interviews with the twins and close relatives

35
Q

How can peers influence addiction?
1. S……………… L……………….. theory
2. S……………… n………..
3. Social I……………. theory

A
  1. Social learning
  2. norms
  3. Identity
36
Q

Aversion therapy is based on the principle of c……………………….. c……………………………..?

A

classical conditioning

37
Q

What drug is used as the UCS to treat alcoholics?

A

Antabuse

38
Q

What name is given to the use of aversion therapy for smokers?

A

Rapid smoking

39
Q

Name a weakness of aversion therapy?

A
  • Poor long term effectiveness for gambling (McConaghy, 1991)
  • It’s not nice so addicts drop out before treatment is complete
40
Q

Name an example of a self-management therapy for Addiction

A

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

41
Q

AA involves the addict surrendering to a ‘h………….. p…………..’

A

higher power

42
Q

Which addiction therapy is recognised as a ‘lifelong process’ where members of the group support each other?

A

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

43
Q

AA may not be a viable therapy for addicts who lack m…………………………?

A

Motivation

44
Q

Which addiction therapy is seen as more holistic?
- AA or Aversion?

A

AA (12 step programmes) as they focus on the whole person (feelings and emotions and coping strategies)

MR R's GCSE PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) (10 decks)

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