Psychological Disorders pt.2

Question 1

How should we define psychological disorders?

Answer 1

a syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, & behavior”

Question 2

What does it mean when a psychological disorder is a syndrome?

Answer 2

a collection of symptoms

Question 3

What was the innovation of the medical model around 1900?

Answer 3

-1890: discovery that syphilis invades the brain and distorts mind
-triggered search for physical causes of mental disorders
-mental health movement born

Question 4

What is the double purpose of classification?

Answer 4

1. aims to order and describe symptoms
2. aims to predict a disorder’s future course, suggest appropriate treatment, and prompt research into its cause

Question 5

What is DSM? What are its limitations?

Answer 5

Book which includes diagnostic codes from the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Limitations: Clinical agreement, too general

Question 6

What are the factors that increase/decrease vulnerability to mental disorders?

Answer 6

Increase: Bad childhood, academic failure, basically any complications in life

Decrease: healthy, community, economically well, any positive in life.

Question 7

What are the 5 types of disorders in the DSM?

Answer 7

1. Anxiety-Related Disorders
2. Depressive Disorders
3. Schizophrenia
4. Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders
5. Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Question 8

What are the 4 anxiety-related disorders?

Answer 8

1. Anxiety disorders
2. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
3. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
4. Somatic symptoms disorders

Question 9

What are the 3 specific anxiety disorder?

Answer 9

1. Generalized Anxiety disorder
2. Panic Disorder (panic attacks)
3. Specific phobias

Question 10

What does it mean that people can have a generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 10

Generalized Anxiety disorder: everyday anxiety, constant tension, accompanied by high blood pressure and depression

Question 11

What is a panic disorder?

Answer 11

Panic Disorder (panic attacks):
- minute-long episode of fear that strikes suddenly
- basis of agoraphobia (fear of public situations)
- irregular heartbeat, chest pain, shortness of breath, shaking

Question 12

What are phobias?

Answer 12

Specific phobias: irrational fear of some object, activity, or situation

Question 13

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 13

obsessive thoughts that are unwanted and unending, compulsive behaviors are responses to these thoughts.

Question 14

What is post-traumatic stress disorder?

Answer 14

1. Survivors of torture, rape, earthquake have exhibited PTSD
   -more sensitive limbic system, more stress hormones
   -females>males
   -the higher the distress, the greater the risk of PTSD
2. The hallmark symptom is recurring: vivid memories or nightmares
   -social withdrawal
   -jumpy anxiety
   -trouble sleeping
3. Trauma victims may experience post-traumatic growth

Question 15

What are somatic symptoms disorders?

Answer 15

1. Distressing symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes
2. Illness anxiety disorder
   -interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease

Question 16

What is the illness anxiety disorder?

Answer 16

aka hypochondriasis; interpreting normal sensations (a stomach cramp today, a headache tomorrow) as symptoms of a dreaded disease

Question 17

What are depressive disorders?

Answer 17

1.Feeling deeply discouraged about the future, dissatisfied with one’s life, or socially isolated
-lack of energy
-inability to concentrate, eat, or sleep
2.Depression and Sadness have benefits
-conserve energy
-redirect energy
-help process facts more accurately
-pay more attention to details

! but leading cause of disability worldwide

Question 18

What are the 2 types of depressive disorders?

Answer 18

1.Major Depressive Disorder
2.Bipolar Disorder

Question 19

What is major depressive disorder?

Answer 19

Symptoms: at least 5 symptoms over a 2 week period
-depressed mood
-reduced interest or enjoyment in activities
-physical agitation

Question 20

What does it mean that its thinking patterns are stable, global, and internal?

Answer 20

In a breakup–
Stable: ex. never getting over their ex
Global: ex. thinking they’re nothing without their ex
Internal: ex. thinking it was all their fault

Question 21

What does it mean that depression can be a feedback loop? (slide 29)

Answer 21

Stressful experience –> Negative explanatory style –> Depressed mood –> Cognitive and behavioral changes (repeat)

Question 22

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 22

Bounce from one emotional extreme to the other

Question 23

What is bipolar cycling?

Answer 23

When a depressive episode end, a euphoric, overly talkative, wildly energetic, and excessively optimistic state follows

Question 24

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?

Answer 24

Bipolar I disorder: extreme swings
Bipolar II disorder: move between depression and milder hypomania

Question 25

What are the characteristics of a state of mania?

Answer 25

- Lack of sleep - Fewer sexual inhibitions - Persistent positive emotions - Loud speech, flightily, hard to interrupt - Risk taking (reckless spending, unsafe sex, ...)

Question 26

What disorders are more heritable? (slide 38)

Answer 26

1. Biopolar disorders 2. Schizophrenia

Question 27

What is schizophrenia?

Answer 27

"Mind's split from reality" - loss of contact with reality - disturbed perceptions and beliefs - disorganized speech - diminished, inappropriate emotions (and actions) - breakdown of elective attention

Question 28

What are hallucinations and delusions?

Answer 28

hallucinations: false perceptions delusions: (paranoid beliefs) false beliefs

Question 29

What are three characteristics symptoms of schizophrenia? (slide 45)

Answer 29

1. Disorganized speech 2. Diminished and inappropriate emotions 3. Impaired motor behavior

Question 30

Which genetic and environmental factors increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia?

Answer 30

- birth complications - inherited - separation from parents - short attention span and pros muscle correlation - childhood abuse - emotional unpredictability - poor peer relations - disruptive or withdrawn behavior

Question 31

What are dissociative disorders?

Answer 31

A person's conscious awareness dissociates (separates) from sinful memories, thoughts, and feelings

Question 32

What is a dissociative fugue state?

Answer 32

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

Question 33

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Answer 33

two or more distinct identities - each with its own voice and mannerisms - seem to control a person's behavior at different time

Question 34

Why is DID controversial?

Answer 34

- 1930-1960: 2 diagnosis per decade, after DSM inclusion (1980s) 20,000 - Average number of identities also mushroomed - from 3 to 12 per patient - Disorder much less prevalent outside North America - Some include it under the umbrella of PTSD - Others believe it is real disorder in itself

Question 35

What are personality disorders?

Answer 35

Inflexible and enduring behavioral patterns that interfere with social functioning

Question 36

What are 3 clusters?

Answer 36

Cluster A: eccentric Cluster B: erratic Cluster C: anxious

Question 37

What are the 10 personality disorders and their features? (slide 52)

Answer 37

- Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal - Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic - Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

Question 38

What are the 3 eating disorders in the DSM?

Answer 38

1. Anorexia nervosa 2. Bulimis nervosa 3. Binge-eating disorder

Question 39

What is anorexia nervosa?

Answer 39

begins as an attempt to lose weight but the dieting becomes a habit and people starve themselves

Question 40

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 40

cycles of repeated episodes of COMPLUSIVE binge eating alternated with cycles of behaviors to compensate (e.g., vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise); marked by weight fluctuations

Question 41

What are binge-eating disorders?

Answer 41

engage in significant amounts of bingeing, followed by remorse. They do not purge, fast, or exercise excessively.

Question 42

What factors contribute to eating disorders?

Answer 42

* ...competitive, high-achieving, and protective family environments * ...high perfectionist standards, ruminate about falling short of expectations * ...heredity–identical twins share the disease more often than fraternal twins * ...cultural ideals * ...exposure to unrealistic beauty standards * ...peer influences

Question 43

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 43

Central nervous system abnormalities, typically in the brain, that result in altered thinking and behavior

Question 44

What is intellectual disability? And what are its 2 diagnostic criteria?

Answer 44

disability that affects the acquisition of knowledge and skills Two diagnostic criteria: * Low intellectual functioning as reflected in a low intelligence score (<70) * Difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living in three areas: conceptual (language, reading), social (follow basic rules, social responsibility), and practical (health and personal care, travel)

Question 45

What is autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 45

* Social-emotional disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors * Poor communication between brain regions that normally work together to let us take another person’s viewpoint (Impaired theory of mind) * Likely to experience depression as a consequence of social isolation * Different levels of severity

Question 46

What is Asperger syndrome?

Answer 46

high level functioning, normal IQ + exceptional skill

Question 47

Which factors increase the likelihood of developing autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 47

1. Prenatal environment: - maternal infection - psychiatric drug use - stress hormones 2. Genes: - hereditability at 80% - if one identical twin is diagnosed, chances are 50-70% for the other twin 3. Men’s age - the higher the age of conception, the higher the risk

Question 48

What are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders?

Answer 48

Symptoms include inattention and distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 49

Why are ADHDs controversial?

Answer 49

* Skeptics: energetic child + boring school = ADHD overdiagnosis * Supporters: “ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder”