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Intro to Psychology > Psychological Disorders pt.2 > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders pt.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How should we define psychological disorders?

A

a syndrome marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, & behavior”

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2
Q

What does it mean when a psychological disorder is a syndrome?

A

a collection of symptoms

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3
Q

What was the innovation of the medical model around 1900?

A

-1890: discovery that syphilis invades the brain and distorts mind
-triggered search for physical causes of mental disorders
-mental health movement born

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4
Q

What is the double purpose of classification?

A
  1. aims to order and describe symptoms
  2. aims to predict a disorder’s future course, suggest appropriate treatment, and prompt research into its cause
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5
Q

What is DSM? What are its limitations?

A

Book which includes diagnostic codes from the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Limitations: Clinical agreement, too general

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6
Q

What are the factors that increase/decrease vulnerability to mental disorders?

A

Increase: Bad childhood, academic failure, basically any complications in life

Decrease: healthy, community, economically well, any positive in life.

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7
Q

What are the 5 types of disorders in the DSM?

A
  1. Anxiety-Related Disorders
  2. Depressive Disorders
  3. Schizophrenia
  4. Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders
  5. Neurodevelopmental Disorder
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8
Q

What are the 4 anxiety-related disorders?

A
  1. Anxiety disorders
  2. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
  3. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
  4. Somatic symptoms disorders
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9
Q

What are the 3 specific anxiety disorder?

A
  1. Generalized Anxiety disorder
  2. Panic Disorder (panic attacks)
  3. Specific phobias
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10
Q

What does it mean that people can have a generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Generalized Anxiety disorder: everyday anxiety, constant tension, accompanied by high blood pressure and depression

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11
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

Panic Disorder (panic attacks):
- minute-long episode of fear that strikes suddenly
- basis of agoraphobia (fear of public situations)
- irregular heartbeat, chest pain, shortness of breath, shaking

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12
Q

What are phobias?

A

Specific phobias: irrational fear of some object, activity, or situation

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13
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

obsessive thoughts that are unwanted and unending, compulsive behaviors are responses to these thoughts.

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14
Q

What is post-traumatic stress disorder?

A
  1. Survivors of torture, rape, earthquake have exhibited PTSD
    -more sensitive limbic system, more stress hormones
    -females>males
    -the higher the distress, the greater the risk of PTSD
  2. The hallmark symptom is recurring: vivid memories or nightmares
    -social withdrawal
    -jumpy anxiety
    -trouble sleeping
  3. Trauma victims may experience post-traumatic growth
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15
Q

What are somatic symptoms disorders?

A
  1. Distressing symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes
  2. Illness anxiety disorder
    -interpreting normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease
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16
Q

What is the illness anxiety disorder?

A

aka hypochondriasis; interpreting normal sensations (a stomach cramp today, a headache tomorrow) as symptoms of a dreaded disease

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17
Q

What are depressive disorders?

A

1.Feeling deeply discouraged about the future, dissatisfied with one’s life, or socially isolated
-lack of energy
-inability to concentrate, eat, or sleep
2.Depression and Sadness have benefits
-conserve energy
-redirect energy
-help process facts more accurately
-pay more attention to details

! but leading cause of disability worldwide

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of depressive disorders?

A

1.Major Depressive Disorder
2.Bipolar Disorder

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19
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

Symptoms: at least 5 symptoms over a 2 week period
-depressed mood
-reduced interest or enjoyment in activities
-physical agitation

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20
Q

What does it mean that its thinking patterns are stable, global, and internal?

A

In a breakup–
Stable: ex. never getting over their ex
Global: ex. thinking they’re nothing without their ex
Internal: ex. thinking it was all their fault

21
Q

What does it mean that depression can be a feedback loop? (slide 29)

A

Stressful experience –> Negative explanatory style –> Depressed mood –> Cognitive and behavioral changes (repeat)

22
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

Bounce from one emotional extreme to the other

23
Q

What is bipolar cycling?

A

When a depressive episode end, a euphoric, overly talkative, wildly energetic, and excessively optimistic state follows

24
Q

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?

A

Bipolar I disorder: extreme swings
Bipolar II disorder: move between depression and milder hypomania

25
Q

What are the characteristics of a state of mania?

A
  • Lack of sleep
  • Fewer sexual inhibitions
  • Persistent positive emotions
  • Loud speech, flightily, hard to interrupt
  • Risk taking (reckless spending, unsafe sex, …)
26
Q

What disorders are more heritable? (slide 38)

A
  1. Biopolar disorders
  2. Schizophrenia
27
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

“Mind’s split from reality”
- loss of contact with reality
- disturbed perceptions and beliefs
- disorganized speech
- diminished, inappropriate emotions (and actions)
- breakdown of elective attention

28
Q

What are hallucinations and delusions?

A

hallucinations: false perceptions
delusions: (paranoid beliefs) false beliefs

29
Q

What are three characteristics symptoms of schizophrenia? (slide 45)

A
  1. Disorganized speech
  2. Diminished and inappropriate emotions
  3. Impaired motor behavior
30
Q

Which genetic and environmental factors increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia?

A
  • birth complications
  • inherited
  • separation from parents
  • short attention span and pros muscle correlation
  • childhood abuse
  • emotional unpredictability
  • poor peer relations
  • disruptive or withdrawn behavior
31
Q

What are dissociative disorders?

A

A person’s conscious awareness dissociates (separates) from sinful memories, thoughts, and feelings

32
Q

What is a dissociative fugue state?

A

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

33
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A

two or more distinct identities - each with its own voice and mannerisms - seem to control a person’s behavior at different time

34
Q

Why is DID controversial?

A
  • 1930-1960: 2 diagnosis per decade, after DSM inclusion (1980s) 20,000
  • Average number of identities also mushroomed - from 3 to 12 per patient
  • Disorder much less prevalent outside North America
  • Some include it under the umbrella of PTSD
  • Others believe it is real disorder in itself
35
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Inflexible and enduring behavioral patterns that interfere with social functioning

36
Q

What are 3 clusters?

A

Cluster A: eccentric
Cluster B: erratic
Cluster C: anxious

37
Q

What are the 10 personality disorders and their features? (slide 52)

A
  • Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
  • Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
  • Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive
38
Q

What are the 3 eating disorders in the DSM?

A
  1. Anorexia nervosa
  2. Bulimis nervosa
  3. Binge-eating disorder
39
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

begins as an attempt to lose weight but the dieting becomes a habit and people starve themselves

40
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

cycles of repeated episodes of COMPLUSIVE binge eating alternated with cycles of behaviors to compensate (e.g., vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise); marked by weight fluctuations

41
Q

What are binge-eating disorders?

A

engage in significant amounts of bingeing, followed by remorse. They do not purge, fast, or exercise excessively.

42
Q

What factors contribute to eating disorders?

A
  • …competitive, high-achieving, and protective family environments
  • …high perfectionist standards, ruminate about falling short of expectations
  • …heredity–identical twins share the disease more often than fraternal twins
  • …cultural ideals
  • …exposure to unrealistic beauty standards
  • …peer influences
43
Q

What are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

Central nervous system abnormalities, typically in the brain, that result in altered thinking and behavior

44
Q

What is intellectual disability? And what are its 2 diagnostic criteria?

A

disability that affects the acquisition of knowledge and skills

Two diagnostic criteria:
* Low intellectual functioning as reflected in a low intelligence score (<70)
* Difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living in three areas: conceptual (language, reading), social (follow basic rules, social responsibility), and practical (health and personal care, travel)

45
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • Social-emotional disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors
  • Poor communication between brain regions that normally work together to let us take another person’s viewpoint (Impaired theory of mind)
  • Likely to experience depression as a consequence of social isolation
  • Different levels of severity
46
Q

What is Asperger syndrome?

A

high level functioning, normal IQ + exceptional skill

47
Q

Which factors increase the likelihood of developing autism spectrum disorder?

A
  1. Prenatal environment:
    - maternal infection
    - psychiatric drug use
    - stress hormones
  2. Genes:
    - hereditability at 80%
    - if one identical twin is diagnosed, chances are 50-70% for the other twin
  3. Men’s age
    - the higher the age of conception, the higher the risk
48
Q

What are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders?

A

Symptoms include inattention and distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

49
Q

Why are ADHDs controversial?

A
  • Skeptics: energetic child + boring school = ADHD overdiagnosis
  • Supporters: “ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder”

Intro to Psychology (22 decks)

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