Intelligence

Question 1

How can we conceptualize intelligence?

Answer 1

Intelligence involves the ability to…
- Learn: acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge
- Recognize Problems: ability to identity problems in the environment that need to be addressed
- Solve Problems: ability to come up with useful solutions to problems

Question 2

Where does the idea of intelligence come from? g + two subtypes

Answer 2

1. Spearman & Thurstone’s intelligence theories
   - Charles Spearman described a concept: general intelligence (g factor)
2. Cattle-Horn-Carroll intelligence theory
   - In addition to g, they recognized 2 second-level factors: fluid (solving logical problems) & crystallized intelligence (knowledge)

!Conceptualized intelligence as underlined by a single factor

Question 3

Is there only one type of intelligence? List of multiple intelligence

Answer 3

Gardner’s “Theory of Multiple Intelligences” (2011): IQ is not accurate, there are 9 types of intelligence:
* Linguistic – sensitive to meaning and order of words
* Logical-mathematical – ability to think logically and recognize patterns
* Musical – sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone
* Body-kinesthetic – ability to use one’s body skillfully and handle objects
* Spatial – ability to perceive physical environment accurately and recreate it
* Naturalist – ability to recognize and classify species of flora and fauna
* Interpersonal – ability to understand people and relationships
* Intrapersonal – access to one’s emotional to understand oneself and others
* Spiritual-existential – proclivity to pose questions about life and death

!Everyone has a different profile of intelligence

Question 4

How do we measure intelligence?

Answer 4

IQ tests (psychometrics):
- Numerical Reasoning
- Verbal Reasoning
- Inductive Reasoning
- Diagrammatic Reasoning
- Logical Reasoning
- Error Checking

Question 5

What is psychometrics?

Answer 5

The science of measuring mental capacities and processes

Question 6

What is IQ? What is the average score of IQ?

Answer 6

IQ is a type of standard score that indicates how far above, or how far below, his/her peer group an individual stands in mental ability.
Average Score: 100

Question 7

How is IQ calculated in intelligence tests?

Answer 7

The standard measure is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a number that represents a person’s ability (measured using problem-solving tests) as compared to the statistical average for their age, taken as 100

Question 8

What does intelligence predict?

Answer 8

1. Academic performance
2. Job performance
3. Mortality rates
4. IQ throughout life

Question 9

What are the problems with intelligence tests?

Answer 9

They are biased:
1. Socioeconomic status
2. English proficiency
3. Stereotype threat

Question 10

Can intelligence be improved?

Answer 10

Yes, but only if IQ gains are maintained

Question 11

Are early IQ-gains maintained in life?

Answer 11

Several factors known to improve children’s intelligence (only if they are sustained):
- Dietary supplements
- Reading to children in an interactive manner
- Enrollment in intervention programs
- Attending preschool

Question 12

What is Intelligence?

Answer 12

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations