Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Anxiety Disorders
Can be referred to as “anxiety disorder due to general medical condition” or “substance-induced anxiety disorder” if resulting from another medical conditions or substance.
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Specific/Social Phobia
Panic Disorder
Suffered at least one Panic Attack (intense dread, shortness of breath, chest pain, choking, cardiac symptoms).
Can be cued, but often spontaneous and unpredictable.
Can mask heart attacks or mood disorders.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
No panic attacks but constant anxiety and stress.
Symptoms are not super severe, but restless, lack of focus, irritability.
Specific Phobia/Social Phobia
Avoidance of phobia is primary symptom.
Recognition that the fear is unreasonable.
Specific Phobias, 4 types: Situational, natural environment, blood injection injury, animal
Social phobia: fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in public.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders
Symptoms include at least one prominent behaviour and an unsuccessful attempt to stop.
Common Obsessions: Fear that a task was not completed; contamination; fear of causing harm; fear of harming in unacceptable way
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
PTSD
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorder
PTSD
After an extreme event: ~8% of men and ~20% of women experience PTSD. People with SES are at higher risk.
Acute Stress Disorder
Essentially PTSD, but symptoms only last 3 - 31 days.
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive response to stressor (note: not a trauma), such as a break up or a death. Symptoms typically last 3 - 6 months.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
All fail to have a detectable pathophysiology. With medical treatment there is still no improvement.
Stereotyped as hypochondriacs, but this lacks specificity.
4 subtypes: Somatic Symptom; Illness anxiety; Conversion; Factitious
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Complain of a somatic symptom. Ex. Chronic Pain.
Diagnosis also requires evidence of diminished functioning.
Illness anxiety
Distress is primarily psychological.
Does not need to be ill, but is focused on health.
Hypochondriac does not fully describe.
Conversion Disorder
Changes in sensory or motor function with no apparent physical cause.
Factitious Disorder
Munchhausen syndrome (if self)
Munchhausen by proxy (imposed on someone else)
False disease, but also falsify evidence
Bipolar Related Disorders (Manic Depression)
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic
Bipolar I Disorder
Requires a SPONTANEOUS manic episode (not the result of depression medication).
At least one manic or mixed episode.
Mixed episode refers to meeting the criteria for manic and depressed nearly every day for a week. Severity causes psychotic features, hospitalization, and impairment.
Bipolar II
Manic phases are less extreme than Bipolar I. Cyclical moods with depressed and hypomanic, but not manic or mixed episode. Requires both hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
Diagnostic Criteria:
Hypomanic for at least 3 days with three manic symptoms.
Major depressive for most of the day, almost every day for two weeks and exhibits at least 5 of:
Depressed mood/decreased activity
Increase/decrease in weight
Excessive or insufficient sleep
Agitated or Slower psychomotor activity
Fatigue
Low self-worth
Excessive Guilt
Impaired Concentration
Suicide thoughts
Cyclothymic
Cyclical moods for more than two years, never absent for more than two months.
Depressive Disorders
persistent pattern of mood symptoms causing distress/impairment.
Note that mood is to emotion, like climate is to weather.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Pre-menstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Experience at least one major depressive episode. ~10% have suicidal ideation.
Symptoms are not considered within 2 months of bereavement.
“seasonal affective disorder” - symptoms only occur at specific times of the year
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia.
Less intense chronic depression.
Milder depression most days for 2 years with symptoms never absent for more than two months.
No major depressive episode.
Onset typically around adolescence/early adulthood.
Pre-menstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Only women.
Symptoms of major depression but only 1 week before menses.
Distinct Symptoms: food cravings; on edge; overwhelmed; symptoms of pre-menstruation.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorder
Diagnosed with at least one positive AND/OR one negative symptom. It is a split from reality, not a split in identity.
Positive Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behaviour.
Negative symptoms: decreased emotional expression; avolition; Alogia (decreased speech)
Schizophrenia
Delusion: False belief (not from cultural expectation) that is not relinquished despite contradictory evidence.
Hallucination: a false sensory perception, not a misperception of a sensory stimulus (illusion)
Diagnostic criteria: symptoms persist for at least 6 months; symptoms may decrease to prodromal levels (sub-threshold) but never cease.
To officially diagnose, must rule out psychotic disorders due to medical conditions or substance, as well as mood and development disorders.
Delusional Disorder
At least one delusion present for a month.
Common Delusions:
Erotomania (someone is in love with you); grandiosity; persecution
Dissociative Disorders
Patients thoughts, feelings, awareness, behaviour is separated from conscious reality.
Onset and offset are usually rapid.
Can occur from an experience that is too overwhelming.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Amnesia
Depersonalization/Derealization disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Historically referred to as multiple personality disorder.
Alternate among at least two identities.
Identities may or may not be aware of each other.
Can feel like taking “possession” due to forgetfulness.
Dissociative Amnesia
Forget personal information.
Usually a result of extreme trauma/stress; may wander or experience dissociative fugue.
Amnesia can be: localized (most common), general, systematized, continuous, selective.
Remission may result in recovery of memory and can lead to suicidal ideation or PTSD.
Depersonalization
Out of body experiences.
The repeated feeling of being cut off from your body and mental processes.
Derealization
People or objects in the world are unreal, although they know it not to be true. Likely causes distress.
Onset is almost always before 25.
Onset/Remission can be fast or slow.
Personality Disorders
Enduring/rigid personality traits that differ from cultural norms. Can be distressing to the individual or people around them.
Because symptoms typically align with self-image (egosyntonic), it is usually the consequences of disorder, not the symptoms, that prompt treatment.
When does a difficult personality become a personality disorder?
1. Significant distress/impairment
2. Present since young adulthood
3. Affects nearly all situations
4. Creates dysfunction in at least two of the following: affect, cognition, impulse control, interpersonal functioning
Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C
Cluster A
Irrational, withdrawn, odd, suspicious
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid
Mistrust/misinterpret others actions
Schizoid
Loner with little interest in connecting with others; detached and cold; one negative symptom of schizophrenia
Schizotypal
Limited inappropriate affect; magical/paranoid thinking; odd beliefs/speech/behaviour; often develops into schizophrenia
Cluster B
Emotional, Dramatic, Self-centred
Anti-social
Borderline
Histronic
Narcissistic
Anti-social
Significant norm violation/violence since adolescence.
History of violation of peoples rights without remorse.
Most frequent in males.
Borderline
Instability of impulse control; unstable sense of self with fear of abandonment, can include self-harm. May be a more severe form of bipolar disorder.
Often linked to sexual abuse.
Most comment in women.
Histronic
Center of attention; seek attention through appearance/seduction; believes relationships are more intimate than they are.
Narcissistic
Grandiose self-view; demands attention; easily envious; lacks empathy
Cluster C
Overcontrolled, fearfull, anxious
Avoidant
Dependent
OC
Avoidant
inadequate/inferior; fear criticism; restrained; avoids new activities unless guaranteed approval.
Dependent
Seeks dependency; fear of ability to self-care; afraid to disagree and often taken advantage of.
OC
perfectionist, rigid, controlling, often workaholic and moralistic
