Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Psych Part 1 > Flashcards

Psych Part 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Biological Explanations of Behaviour in Animals

A

Foraging behaviour

Mating behaviour/mate choice
(random v. assortive)

Inclusive fitness/altruism

Game Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Persuasion

A

A method of behaviour and attitude change

Key elements:
1. Message Characteristics

  1. Source Characteristics
  2. Target Characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Determines what factors were most relevant in persuasion. Two routes:

Central Route: Focus on content, result is long lasting. Need to be motivated and attentive.

Peripheral Route: Superficial and result is temporary and susceptible attachment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Theory of behaviour change that highlights the interaction of people and the environment, but also takes cognition and social factors into account.

Reciprocal determinism between BEHAVIOUR - ENVIRONMENT - PERSONAL FACTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

Determine the role of genetics in behaviour.

A word on language: Intelligence is 50% heritable, means that 50% variation in intelligence is dictated by genes. Not that your genes are responsible for 50% of intelligence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Francis Galton

A

1800s.

First theory of intelligence.

Highly genetic.

Published “Hereditary Genius”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alfred Binet

A

(early 1900s) Developed the IQ test, later termed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Charles Spearman

A

(early 1900s) “general intelligence” - that was highly heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

(1950s) proposed two types intelligence

Fluid: thinking on feet

Crystallized: regurgitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Howard Gardiner

A

(1980s) Multiple Intelligences: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Only proposed in the 1990s, but emerged from work by Gardiner et al.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Personality

A

Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Personality shaped by unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories.

Unconscious experiences are revealed through dreams, slips of tongue, post-hypnotic suggestion, free associations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychoanalytical Instinctual drives

A

Libido - life drive; focused on growth, creativity, pain aversion, pleasure

Death drive - aggressive; driven by desire to hurt onesself and die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 Components of Psychic Energy (Psychoanalytic Theory):

A

Id - Subconscious. Pleasure Principle guides. No reasoning. Children largely here.

Ego - Preconscious. Reality Principle. Governs id, but also will appease.

Superego - Subconscious. Inhibits id. Purusit of higher moralistic/ethical goals. Higher Purpose. Guilt/punishment avoidance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ego defence mechanisms:

A

Repression

Denial

Reaction formation - expressing opposite of what one feels

Projection

Displacement - redirecting inappropriate thoughts/feelings from forbidden to less bad ones.

Rationalization - denying motivations

Regression - reverting to earlier behaviours

Sublimation - direct aggression/sexual energy to productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Psychosexual Development

A

Oral

Anal

Phallic - attraction to opposite parent: Oedipus (male); Electra (female)

Latency

Genital

Psychological fixation occurs if a stage is over-indulged or stunted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial approach

A
  1. Trust v. Mistrust. If needs not met, may mistrust world.
  2. Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt. If no autonomy may later feel dependent.
  3. Initiative v. Guilt. If don’t make decisions may later feel guilt for making them.
  4. Industry v. Inferiority. School age. Understand world. Develop gender identity. May later feel inadequate.
  5. Identity v. Role Confusion. Adolescence, need to test limits. Could later have role confusion.
  6. Intimacy v. Isolation. Young adult. No intimate relations, may become isolated.
  7. Generativity v. Stagnation. Middle Age. If not productive may be stagnant.
  8. Integrity v. Despair. Hopeless if do not look back and see worth.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Carl Rogers.

Focuses on healthy development as opposed to conflict.

Assumption: Human inherently good.

Basic motive of humans: Actualizing - drive to maintain or enhance organism.

Care-giver disapproval demonstrates conditional approval. Leads to attempts to embody caregiver traits.

Use term: Client (not Patient) as not trying to treat as if unwell.

Therapy: create environment for clients to accept themselves.

Therapists: Empathetic, unconditional regard

20
Q

Humanistic Perspective: Self Concept

A

Conscious subjective perceptions. Shaped by introjections (influence of caregiver)

Psychopathology: dissonance between self-concept and true values.

Incongruence: Describes discomfort when self-concept are contradicted by events. PPL tend to distort event, not change self-concept.

21
Q

Behaviourist Perspective

A

Personality is a result of learned behaviour rooted in a person’s environment.

Deterministic: Assumes humans are a blank slate and influenced by environment.

Learning occurs through: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Therapy focuses on ABCs:
Antecedents; Consequences; and Behaviour
and works to change A and C through least aversive means.

22
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

Reciprocal Interaction of Behaviour - Cognition - Environment

Behaviour: Learned through classical/operant conditioning

Cognition: mental processes evoked by observation, self-efficacy beliefs

Cognitive + Behavioural Theory = Cognitive Behavioural Theory.

A persons feelings are a response not to a real event, but a person’s thoughts about the event.

Goal: Recognize created thoughts.

23
Q

Trait Perspective

A

Identifying and comparing trait perspectives.

Personality traits are, stable and pre-disposed to certain behaviour.

Differentiate: Surface Traits and Source Traits.

No trait is pathological. Weakness are meant to be made aware of. Not concerned with WHY traits develop.

24
Q

McRae and Costa 5-factor model

A

Extroversion

Neuroticism

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

**Often used by HR departments to select for careers.

25
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Hans Eysenck:

Extroversion: Dictated by reticular formation

Neuroticism: Shaped by limbic formation

Jeffrey Alan Gray:

Personality is a consequence of: Sympathetic system; Behavioural approach system (impulsivity/optimism); Behavioural Inhibition System (worry/anxiety)

Also C. Robert Cloninger

26
Q

Person-Situation Controversy

A

Division on whether a reaction is a result of trait or state

27
Q

Motivation influences

A

Instincts - suckling; holding breath underwater; fears of height

Drives/feedback - negative feedback drives toward homeostasis

Arousal - seek optimal levels

Needs - basic needs

28
Q

Drive reduction Theory

A

A theory of how motivation affects human behaviour.

A physiological need creates a state of arousal that drives an organism to reduce need.

29
Q

Incentive Theory

A

A theory of how motivation affects human behaviour.

External stimuli motivate. Motivation is strongest with physiological need and external incentives.

30
Q

Expectancy-Value theory

A

A theory of how motivation affects human behaviour.

Expectancy: action being considered and likelihood of producing result

Value: degree of desire for end result

31
Q

Self-determination Theory

A

A theory of how motivation affects human behaviour.

Inherent motivation to achieve growth and personal well-being.

Inherent motivation is healthier than external motivation.

3-factors to external growth:
1. autonomy
2. competence
3. connection

32
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological
Safety
Love/Belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization

Critiques: individualistic; some diseases flip aspects of the pyramid (ex. eating disorders)

33
Q

Attitude

A

A persons feelings/beliefs about other people and tendency to behave based on these evaluations.

Components: (A)ffect; (B)ehavioural Tendency; (C)ognition

34
Q

When attitude influences behaviour

A

When social influence is reduced.

Overall behaviour. Principal of aggregation.

When looking at specific, not general attitudes.

When attitudes are made more powerful through self-reflection.

35
Q

When behaviour influences attitude

A

Role Playing.

Public Declarations.

Justification of effort (won’t become an actor if you studied for the MCAT)

Foot in the door (enticing through small actions and increasing demand incrementally)

36
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Behaviour

A

Attempts to explain why self-justification is such a powerful tool for attitude modification.

If there is dissonance between attitude and behaviour, we will change attitude.

37
Q

Emotion Components

A

Psychological; behavioural; cognitive

38
Q

Adaptive Role of Emotion

A

There is an adaptive role of emotions.

Optimal range of arousal for effectiveness. Yerkes-Dodson Law (Upside down smile)

39
Q

Emotion Moderates

A

Performance, Embarrassment, Survival

40
Q

James-Longe Theory of Emotion

A

Physiological precedes emotion.

Emotions are generated by autonomic processes.

Problems:
1. Each emotion has a distinct physiological state.
2. Assumes we are accurate in labeling physiological states.

41
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Emotion and Physiological experience are simultaneous.

Severed afferent nerves in cats to eliminate physiological input. Still expressed emotion.

Problematic:
1. Does not explain well, situations in which physiological state alters emotions (breathing)

42
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Physiological –> Cognitive Interpretation –> emotion.

Problematic:
1.

43
Q

Self-reference

A

Easier to recall things that are relevant to self.

44
Q

Depth of processing model

A

Experiences with greater neural processing are more easily remembered.

45
Q

Dual coding Hypothesis

A

Words are easier to remember when associated with an image.

Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions