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Psychology > Psych Part 3 > Flashcards

Psych Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Early brain development

A

At birth humans have more neurons than at any point in the rest of their lives. Though neural networks are significantly reduced.

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2
Q

Brain development 3 - 6

A

rapid growth in the frontal lobes - thinking, memory, language (last to develop)

Note that memory for most adults usually starts around 3.5 years.

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3
Q

Social development and Attachment

A

Demonstrate Stranger anxiety from 8 - 12 months onward.

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4
Q

Harry and Margret Harlow

A

Demonstrated the importance of “contact comfort” with rheuses monkeys.

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5
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

“Strange Situation Experiments”

Showed different responses from infants that were securely versus insecurely attached.

Secure with mom: explore and play
Secure without mom: distressed, but quickly consoled when mom returns

Insecure with mom: will not leave mom
Insecure without mom: cry and remain upset; demonstrate indifference to departure/return

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6
Q

Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian

Permissive

Authoratative

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7
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

strict rules; unconditional obedience; punishment; demanding; no rule explanation; not responsive to children

Children: may be shy, aggressive, and have lower self-esteem

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8
Q

Permissive

A

Few and inconsistent demands; little discipline; very loving;

Children: may lack self-discipline, be self-involved, show poor social skills

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9
Q

Authoritative

A

Agency given to children; rules and discipline are enforced; consistency and fairness

Children: happier; emotional control; social skills; confident

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10
Q

Brain Changes in Adolescence

A

three major changes:
1. cell proliferation (prefrontal lobes; limbic system, which develops fastest)

  1. Synaptic pruning
  2. Myelination
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11
Q

Behavioural Neuroscience

A

Focus on neurophysiological correlates of behaviour.

Brain lesions/neuroimaging make up 2/3 of the studies techniques.

ex. Phineas Gage damage to the prefrontal cortex.

Limitations: difficult to do a dbl blind experiment.

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12
Q

Neuroimaging techniques, Structural Imaging

A

Computerized (axial) tomography (CT or CAT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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13
Q

CT/CAT Scan

A

Uses x-rays; takes a 3d scan of the brain or a portion of the brain using cross sectional slices (tomography).

Pros:
Rapid acquisition; less cost; more open; less noisy; allowed to have medical implants; preferred for illness that have a time limit (stroke)

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14
Q

MRI

A

Magnets cause spin alignment of protons, that then emit radiowaves

Pros:
Quality; high resolution of soft tissue; no exposure to X-ray

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15
Q

Neuroimaging techniques, functional imaging

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Magnetoencephalography

Functional MRI

Positron Emission Tomography

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16
Q

Electroencephalography

A

electrodes on scalp measure voltage fluctuations of ionic current; provides information of grouping of neurons referred to as brain waves; HIGH temporal resolution.

Useful for disorders with variable brain functioning across the brain.

Adv: little hardware; low cost; tolerance of movement; high temporal resolution; no claustrophobia

Disadv: low spatial resolution; poor measurement of sub-cortical regions; poor signal to noise.

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17
Q

Magnetoencephalography

A

Records magnetic fields produced by the brain.

Uses highly sensitive magnets known as an ARRAY of SQUIDY (Superconducting Quantum Interface Devices)

Similar adv/disadv as EEG; however requires a magnetically shielded room and is bulkier. Importantly though, it has better spatial resolution than EEG.

18
Q

fMRI

A

Combines MRI images that are less than a second apart.

Can show changes in O2 levels which is a proxy for blood flow.

Adv: Safer than PET; high location precision; lower cost than PET

Disadv: remain still in cramped area; cannot ask subjects questions during MRI

19
Q

PET

A

3D images of metabolic process over time (can monitor change in movement and concentration of the isotope). Requires injection of a positron emitting radionucleotide tracer that is attached to a biologically active substance (ex. Glucose).

Often CT and PET is a combine procedure.

20
Q

Spinal cord

A

implicated in reflexes, walking, urination, sex organ function

21
Q

Medulla

A

Connects spinal cord to the rest of the brain;

Acts as a relay to other parts of the brain;

Regulates autonomic functions

Respiratory rythmicity

Coughing and sneezing

22
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla

Pons

Cerebellum

23
Q

Pons

A

Connects brainstem and cerebellum

Controls some autonomic function

Controls movement balance and antigravity movement

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

integration centre for complex movements

Receives input from vestibular apparatus

Acts as relay to thalamus

Excitatory

25
Q

Midbrain

A

Relay for audio-visual info

Contains much of the reticular activating system

Positive muscle tone

26
Q

Brainstem

A

Pons, medulla, midbrain

27
Q

Forebrain

A

Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus

Telencephalon - formed by two hemispheres (left is normally dominant for speech); (right is normally visual-spatial and reasoning/music)

28
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two brain hemispheres

29
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest region of the brain.

two hemispheres that include cerebral cortex with 4 lobes:
Frontal - executive

Parietal - general sensation/taste

Occipital - Visual sensation

Temporal - auditory/olfactory, memory language and complex emotion

30
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Deep in cerebral hemispheres - voluntary motor control; procedural movement; works in conjunction with the cerebullum, muscle tone.

Inhibitory.

31
Q

Limbic system

A

Between cerebrum and the diencephalon

Structures:

Amygdala

cingulate gyrus

hippocampus

interacts with hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex

Also associated with the insula which connects to the lateral hypothalamus

32
Q

Seratonin

A

Mood, digestion, sleep, memory, sexual desire

Pathways project from the raphe nucleus to the Striatum, Nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex.

33
Q

Melatonin

A

Circadian rythm

Sleepiness

Sleep initiation

34
Q

GABA

A

Lack of GABA can result in anxiety, depression, ADHD, panic

35
Q

ACh

A

neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic nervous system

36
Q

Glutamate

A

Shortages result in fatigue, low concentration

37
Q

Dopamine pathways

A

Three:
Mesolimbic - natural pathway; for pleasure, key in addiction, nucleus accumbens is the main reward centre (synapse to here).

Nigrostriatal - movement and coordination

Mesocortical - higher functions

38
Q

Hormones with a psychological effect

A

Cortisol

Oxytocin - trust, social bond, sexual reproduction, mother-infant bond

endorphins

leptin - regulation of energy; inhibition of hunger

39
Q

Memory as an organized network

A

Nodes are individual ideas

Association between nodes, are connections between ideas.

A node is not activated until it reaches a response threshold.

Explains why hints can be helpful

Spreading activation suggests that activation of one node may prime another node.

40
Q

Schizophrenia neurobiology

A

Hypoactivation of frontal lobes result in negative symptoms.

Decreased size of hippocampus results in decreased working memory

Smaller brains as a result of atrophy

Increased ventricles (canyons) and enlarged sulci/gyri

Excess levels of dopamine

41
Q

Depression

A

Decreased function of dopamine; seratonin; norepinephrine

Psychology (9 decks)

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