Psych Part 6 Flashcards
International migrant population
Around 3% of the global population
4 Main stages of immigration
(1) 17th/18th century - english colonists
(2) Mid 19th century - northern europe
(3) Early 20th century - southern europe (before the great depression)
(4) Late 20th century to present
Terrorism
Indiscriminate violence - used to cause terror
Social movements
A method of achieving social change
Modern era has seen massive increase in confrontation of social structures
Relative Depravation
Experience of individuals that experience lack of resources needed for social experiences that are seen as appropriate for social position.
Dissonance between expectation and reality.
Systems of stratification
Can be:
Closed: ex. Caste system
Open: Class
Inter v. Intra generational mobility
Social reproduction
Structures and activities that reinforce inequalities from one generation to the next.
Cultural and social capital as mechanisms of social reproduction
Culture - non-financial assets like education
Social Capital - social networks
Privilege
A reciprocal relationship between power and prestige
Types of poverty
Relative
Absolute
Marginal
Structural
Relative poverty
Inability to meet average standard of living in a society.
Absolute poverty
Inability to meet the bare minimum of basic needs.
Marginal poverty
Lack of stable employment
Structural poverty
Poverty as a result of the underlying effects of institutions.
Self-concept and identity formation
Summary of individual knowledge and understanding of ones self (physical psychological, and social)
A composite of self-schemas.
Types of identites
Personal identity
Social identity
Self-verification
Individuals want to be understood with respect to their core beliefs.
Aspects of ones own identity
A ge
D isability
R eligion
E thnicity/race
S ex orientation
S ocioeconomic factors
I ndigenous background
N ational origin
G ender
Self-reference effect
Easier to remember stuff that is relevant to us
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Psychology
Personality = ideal self + real self
where ideal self is the life experiences, social expectations, and role model traits and real self is who you really are.
Self-efficacy - belief in ones own competence/effectiveness
Locus of control - can be internal or external, describes where people feel behaviour results from. Extreme external locus of control can result in learned helplessness.
Self-esteem
Identity formation
Accruing characteristics that an individual feels differentiates them from others.
Looking glass self
Charles Cooley. Identity formation.
Sense of self develops through interpersonal interactions and the perception of others.
Forever evolving.
Social behaviourism
George Herbert Mead. Identity formation.
Mind and self develop from communicating with others.
Children learn via imitation. Game-play allows for perspective taking. Eventual learning to generalize.
This is symbolic interactionism.
Socialization
Process of learning how to be a member of society, a lifelong sociological process.
Norms
Expectations of behaviour (implicit/explicit) that meet a societal ideal.
ie. Normative behaviour
Can be formal (laws) or informal.
Norms are encouraged via sanctions, that can be positive or negative.
Mores
Mor-ays.
Strongly enforced norms.
Folkways
Less strongly enforced norms than mores.
Taboo
Forbidden customs.
Anomie
Emile Durkheim.
Norm-less. Individuals are not socialized leading to a lack of sufficient moral and social guidelines.
Deviance
Non-normative behaviour.
Considered to threaten social cohesion and social construction.
Can reinforce cultural norms, but is ultimately a social construct.
Considered differently depending on the lens: Functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory.
Differential Association
Theory of deviance. Edwin Sutherland.
Learned behaviour that forms through interaction. No different from other learning processes.
Depends on frequency and intensity.
Level of deviance = favourable contact - unfavourable contact.
Criticism: individuals are reduced to their environment; fails to consider individual characteristics.
Labeling theory
Theory of deviance. Howard Becker.
Deviance is the result of societies reaction to a person. A self-fulfilling process that begins with society labeling.
Relevant to conflict theorists because dominant class can enforce labels - “an agent of social control”
Also indicates that deviance is a social contract so used by interactionists.
Criticism: Deviance is an automatic response that negates potential agency of the individual.
Structural Strain Theory
Theory of deviance. Robert Marton.
Deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural.
Occurs when social goals and means are inconsistent.
Criticism: Deviant behaviour can be purposeless and excessive. More applicable to material rather than social goals.
Collective behaviour
Short-lived, spontaneous, does not reflect existing social norms.
Cannot simply be explained as a composite of individual actions.
Ex. Mobs, riots, fads, catch phrases
Note the same as group behaviour
Four forms of Collective Bheaviour
Herbert Blumer:
Crowds
Publics
Masses
Social Movements
Blumer Crowds
Emotional, non permanent, rational or irrational.
Different types: Active crowds (purpose), casual crowd, conventional crowd (gather for event), expressive crowd (emotion)
Could also classify as: Compact or diffuse
Or by emotion: Fearful; happy
Blumer Publics
Groups of individuals discussing an issue
Blumer Masses
Formation prompted through mass media.
Blumer Social Movements
Collective behaviour with intent to create change
Alternate examples of collective behaviour
(1) craze or fad - rapid increase and decrease in popularity.
(2) trend - more permanent than fads, with permanent social changes ex. hippies
(3) mass hysteria - collective dellusion of some threat, spirals out of control. Behaviour is often irrational.
(4) Riots - result of general dissatisfaction with social conditions, not always irrational, sometimes a reaction to more fundamental issues.
Agents of Socialization
School
Family
Peers - hierarchies important here
Workplace
Religion/government
Mass media
Technology
Cultural assimilation
Forsake aspects of one owns culture in order to adopt another. Generally a minority conforming with a majority.
A+B+C –> A
Amalgamation
Majority and minority groups combine to form a new group.
A + B + C –> D
Multiculturalism
A + B + C –> A + B + C
Subcultures
Segements of society that have distinct patterns of traditions/values. Often have different language uses.
Kholberg’s stages of moral development
Expanding on Piaget’s. Six stages divided into 3 levels.
Level 1 - PRE CONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING. Understands direct consequences to self, but no right and wrong.
Level 2 - CONVENTIONAL. Compare actions to societal expectations. Most adults only reach top stage here.
Level 3 - POST CONVENTIONAL. Internal ethical guidelines used to judge morality.
Level 1 Of Kholbergs Moral Development
Stage 1: Avoid Punishment. Or, Obedience/punishment orientation.
Stage 2: What is in it for me? self-interest
Level 2 of Kholberg moral development
Stage 3: What makes others like me? Interpersonal accord and conformity
Stage 4: What am I supposed to do. Authority + social order maintain orientation. Most adults only reach here.
Level 3 of Kholberg moral development
Stage 5: Utilitarianism. Social contract orientation, and can change it if it does not support well-being.
Stage 6: Morality through abstract reasoning. Universal ethical principles.
Attribution Theory
Attempts to explain how individuals view behaviour.
States that behaviour is either attributed to:
Internal cause = dispositional attribution
External cause = situational attribution
Ex. the Actor-observer bias
What tools do we use to elucidate the cause of behaviour as detailed by attribution theory?
Consistency: is this typical behaviour
Distinctness: is this how everyone is treated, or just you specifically
Consensus: is the behaviour unique to the person or does everyone do it.
Attributional Biases
Fundamental attribution error - overestimate impact of personal character and underestimate situational effects.
Self-serving bias - attribute success to internal state and failure to external factors.
Optimism bias - belief that bad things happen to others, but not us.
Just world phenomenon - tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.
Hindsight bias - belief that an event that has happened was predictable.
Halo effect - tendency to believe that people are good or bad.
Physical attractiveness stereotype - good people are better looking
Note that culture affects how these attributions are made. Ie. Individualism or Communalism
False consensus
When we believe that everyone supports what we do.
Projection bias
believe that others have the same belief that we do.
Difference between prejudice and discrimination is…
Action.
What happens to prejudice as we age?
Self-inhibition of prejudices decreases as we age.
Prejudice is an attitude - what are the three components?
Because it is an attitude, emotion and cognition are attached.
3 components: (A B C)
Affect - feelings
Behavioural inclinations/tendencies
Cognition
