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Psychology > Psych Part 6 > Flashcards

Psych Part 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

International migrant population

A

Around 3% of the global population

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2
Q

4 Main stages of immigration

A

(1) 17th/18th century - english colonists

(2) Mid 19th century - northern europe

(3) Early 20th century - southern europe (before the great depression)

(4) Late 20th century to present

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3
Q

Terrorism

A

Indiscriminate violence - used to cause terror

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4
Q

Social movements

A

A method of achieving social change

Modern era has seen massive increase in confrontation of social structures

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5
Q

Relative Depravation

A

Experience of individuals that experience lack of resources needed for social experiences that are seen as appropriate for social position.

Dissonance between expectation and reality.

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6
Q

Systems of stratification

A

Can be:

Closed: ex. Caste system

Open: Class

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7
Q

Inter v. Intra generational mobility

A
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8
Q

Social reproduction

A

Structures and activities that reinforce inequalities from one generation to the next.

Cultural and social capital as mechanisms of social reproduction

Culture - non-financial assets like education

Social Capital - social networks

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9
Q

Privilege

A

A reciprocal relationship between power and prestige

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10
Q

Types of poverty

A

Relative

Absolute

Marginal

Structural

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11
Q

Relative poverty

A

Inability to meet average standard of living in a society.

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12
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Inability to meet the bare minimum of basic needs.

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13
Q

Marginal poverty

A

Lack of stable employment

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14
Q

Structural poverty

A

Poverty as a result of the underlying effects of institutions.

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15
Q

Self-concept and identity formation

A

Summary of individual knowledge and understanding of ones self (physical psychological, and social)

A composite of self-schemas.

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16
Q

Types of identites

A

Personal identity

Social identity

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17
Q

Self-verification

A

Individuals want to be understood with respect to their core beliefs.

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18
Q

Aspects of ones own identity

A

A ge
D isability
R eligion
E thnicity/race
S ex orientation
S ocioeconomic factors
I ndigenous background
N ational origin
G ender

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19
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Easier to remember stuff that is relevant to us

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20
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanistic Psychology

Personality = ideal self + real self

where ideal self is the life experiences, social expectations, and role model traits and real self is who you really are.

Self-efficacy - belief in ones own competence/effectiveness

Locus of control - can be internal or external, describes where people feel behaviour results from. Extreme external locus of control can result in learned helplessness.

Self-esteem

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21
Q

Identity formation

A

Accruing characteristics that an individual feels differentiates them from others.

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22
Q

Looking glass self

A

Charles Cooley. Identity formation.

Sense of self develops through interpersonal interactions and the perception of others.

Forever evolving.

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23
Q

Social behaviourism

A

George Herbert Mead. Identity formation.

Mind and self develop from communicating with others.

Children learn via imitation. Game-play allows for perspective taking. Eventual learning to generalize.

This is symbolic interactionism.

24
Q

Socialization

A

Process of learning how to be a member of society, a lifelong sociological process.

25
Q

Norms

A

Expectations of behaviour (implicit/explicit) that meet a societal ideal.

ie. Normative behaviour

Can be formal (laws) or informal.

Norms are encouraged via sanctions, that can be positive or negative.

26
Q

Mores

A

Mor-ays.

Strongly enforced norms.

27
Q

Folkways

A

Less strongly enforced norms than mores.

28
Q

Taboo

A

Forbidden customs.

29
Q

Anomie

A

Emile Durkheim.

Norm-less. Individuals are not socialized leading to a lack of sufficient moral and social guidelines.

30
Q

Deviance

A

Non-normative behaviour.

Considered to threaten social cohesion and social construction.

Can reinforce cultural norms, but is ultimately a social construct.

Considered differently depending on the lens: Functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory.

31
Q

Differential Association

A

Theory of deviance. Edwin Sutherland.

Learned behaviour that forms through interaction. No different from other learning processes.

Depends on frequency and intensity.

Level of deviance = favourable contact - unfavourable contact.

Criticism: individuals are reduced to their environment; fails to consider individual characteristics.

32
Q

Labeling theory

A

Theory of deviance. Howard Becker.

Deviance is the result of societies reaction to a person. A self-fulfilling process that begins with society labeling.

Relevant to conflict theorists because dominant class can enforce labels - “an agent of social control”

Also indicates that deviance is a social contract so used by interactionists.

Criticism: Deviance is an automatic response that negates potential agency of the individual.

33
Q

Structural Strain Theory

A

Theory of deviance. Robert Marton.

Deviance is the result of experienced strain, either individual or structural.

Occurs when social goals and means are inconsistent.

Criticism: Deviant behaviour can be purposeless and excessive. More applicable to material rather than social goals.

34
Q

Collective behaviour

A

Short-lived, spontaneous, does not reflect existing social norms.

Cannot simply be explained as a composite of individual actions.

Ex. Mobs, riots, fads, catch phrases

Note the same as group behaviour

35
Q

Four forms of Collective Bheaviour

A

Herbert Blumer:

Crowds

Publics

Masses

Social Movements

36
Q

Blumer Crowds

A

Emotional, non permanent, rational or irrational.

Different types: Active crowds (purpose), casual crowd, conventional crowd (gather for event), expressive crowd (emotion)

Could also classify as: Compact or diffuse

Or by emotion: Fearful; happy

37
Q

Blumer Publics

A

Groups of individuals discussing an issue

38
Q

Blumer Masses

A

Formation prompted through mass media.

39
Q

Blumer Social Movements

A

Collective behaviour with intent to create change

40
Q

Alternate examples of collective behaviour

A

(1) craze or fad - rapid increase and decrease in popularity.

(2) trend - more permanent than fads, with permanent social changes ex. hippies

(3) mass hysteria - collective dellusion of some threat, spirals out of control. Behaviour is often irrational.

(4) Riots - result of general dissatisfaction with social conditions, not always irrational, sometimes a reaction to more fundamental issues.

41
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

School

Family

Peers - hierarchies important here

Workplace

Religion/government

Mass media

Technology

42
Q

Cultural assimilation

A

Forsake aspects of one owns culture in order to adopt another. Generally a minority conforming with a majority.

A+B+C –> A

43
Q

Amalgamation

A

Majority and minority groups combine to form a new group.

A + B + C –> D

44
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A + B + C –> A + B + C

45
Q

Subcultures

A

Segements of society that have distinct patterns of traditions/values. Often have different language uses.

46
Q

Kholberg’s stages of moral development

A

Expanding on Piaget’s. Six stages divided into 3 levels.

Level 1 - PRE CONVENTIONAL MORAL REASONING. Understands direct consequences to self, but no right and wrong.

Level 2 - CONVENTIONAL. Compare actions to societal expectations. Most adults only reach top stage here.

Level 3 - POST CONVENTIONAL. Internal ethical guidelines used to judge morality.

47
Q

Level 1 Of Kholbergs Moral Development

A

Stage 1: Avoid Punishment. Or, Obedience/punishment orientation.

Stage 2: What is in it for me? self-interest

48
Q

Level 2 of Kholberg moral development

A

Stage 3: What makes others like me? Interpersonal accord and conformity

Stage 4: What am I supposed to do. Authority + social order maintain orientation. Most adults only reach here.

49
Q

Level 3 of Kholberg moral development

A

Stage 5: Utilitarianism. Social contract orientation, and can change it if it does not support well-being.

Stage 6: Morality through abstract reasoning. Universal ethical principles.

50
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Attempts to explain how individuals view behaviour.

States that behaviour is either attributed to:

Internal cause = dispositional attribution

External cause = situational attribution

Ex. the Actor-observer bias

51
Q

What tools do we use to elucidate the cause of behaviour as detailed by attribution theory?

A

Consistency: is this typical behaviour

Distinctness: is this how everyone is treated, or just you specifically

Consensus: is the behaviour unique to the person or does everyone do it.

52
Q

Attributional Biases

A

Fundamental attribution error - overestimate impact of personal character and underestimate situational effects.

Self-serving bias - attribute success to internal state and failure to external factors.

Optimism bias - belief that bad things happen to others, but not us.

Just world phenomenon - tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.

Hindsight bias - belief that an event that has happened was predictable.

Halo effect - tendency to believe that people are good or bad.

Physical attractiveness stereotype - good people are better looking

Note that culture affects how these attributions are made. Ie. Individualism or Communalism

53
Q

False consensus

A

When we believe that everyone supports what we do.

54
Q

Projection bias

A

believe that others have the same belief that we do.

55
Q

Difference between prejudice and discrimination is…

A

Action.

56
Q

What happens to prejudice as we age?

A

Self-inhibition of prejudices decreases as we age.

57
Q

Prejudice is an attitude - what are the three components?

A

Because it is an attitude, emotion and cognition are attached.

3 components: (A B C)
Affect - feelings
Behavioural inclinations/tendencies
Cognition

Psychology (9 decks)

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