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Psychology > Psych Part 8 > Flashcards

Psych Part 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

REM rebound

A

REM is essential and we will experience rebound if we miss REM during one night.

Essential for Dreaming

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2
Q

Why do we dream?

A

(1) Freud: plotline (manifest content) hints at unconscious desires (latent content)

(2) Can improve learning/development.

(3) Activation-synthesis theory suggests that it is simply a by-product of REM brain activity and not useful.

(4) Provides a template of conscious development to practice development.

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3
Q

Sleep disorders

A

Dysomnia

Parasomnia

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4
Q

Dysomnia

A

Insomnia: difficulty falling or staying asleep

Narcolepsy: experience periodic extreme drowsiness during wakeful periods (for longer than 5 minutes). May be a disfunction of the hypothalmus in the area that secretes Hypocretin.

Sleep Apnea: intermittently stop breathing (often accompanies obesity)

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5
Q

Parasomnia

A

Abnormal behaviours.

Somnabulism (sleep walking): usually occurs in stage 3 of sleep.

Night terrors: occur during stage 3, so not during REM like nightmares. People will be terrified but not remember in the morning.

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6
Q

Hypnosis

A

Dissociation Theory: hypnosis is just an extreme form of divided consciousness.

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7
Q

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

A
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8
Q

Meditators

A

Show increased alpha and theta waves, above baseline

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9
Q

Consciousness Altering Drugs

A

(1) depressants

(2) stimulants

(3) hallucinogens

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10
Q

Depressants

A

Examples: Alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Biological function: Stimulate GABA and Dopamine

Alcohol and Barbiturates: Both very dangerous as can suppress sympathetic nervous system and therefore can suppress function of life-sustaining organs.

Opiates: Reduce neural functioning, mimic endorphin neurotransmitters and can result in the brain stopping to produce endorphins. Withdrawal is therefore literally painful.

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11
Q

Stimulants

A

Examples: Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine.

Biological effect: typically increase release of neurotransmitters or slow the re-uptake.

Cocaine: release of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

MDMA: releases dopamine/serotonin and inhibits uptake of serotonin. Mild hallucinogen.

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12
Q

Hallucinogen

A

Example: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, marijuana

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13
Q

Drug Addiction

A

Compulsion to use drug repeatedly.

Can be psychological or physiological.

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14
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Effect can vary.

For alcohol: increase baseline blood pressure and weakens the stress-reduction system.

Caffeine: acute effects, but no baseline changes below 600 mg. Effects are transient and reversible.

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15
Q

Theories of language

A

Behaviourists: argue that language is a conditioned behaviour. Empiricists so only assess what is directly visible.

Nativists: Argue that language is pre-wired in the brain.

Materialists: Ideas/metaphors only represent real cognitive changes. “only grey matter matters”

Rationalist so argue that certain capacities cannot come from experience. (Review this statement to determine if for Nativist or Materialist)

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16
Q

Language Acquisition

A

Skinner: Behaviourist, so argues that LA occurs through operant conditioning.

Chomsky: We possess a “language acquisition device” which allows for LA with only brief exposure at childhood. Argued that there existed a “Universal Grammar”

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis: Cognition and Perception are determined by language one speaks.

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17
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Only present in the dominant hemisphere.

Broca’s Aphasia - results from damage to Broca’s area and causes a loss of speech. Individuals will know what to say but cannot communicate it.

18
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Posterior Temporal Lobe.

Involved in comprehension of speech/language.

Wernicke’s Aphasia: Fluent syntax/rhythm, but meaningless speech.

Typically demonstrate no other ailments.

19
Q

Conduction/Associative Aphasia

A

Poor speech repetition despite intact comprehension and fluent speech.

Recognize errors and will try to correct. More difficulty with increased phrase length.

20
Q

Glial Cells

A

Schwann Cells

Oligodendrocytes

Micro glial cells

Ependymal Cells

Astrocytes

21
Q

Monosynaptic relfexes

A

Constituted by two nuerons and one synapse.

22
Q

Integration Simple

A

One interneuron.

23
Q

How many nerves innervate the central nervous system?

A

12 Cranial Nerves, 31 spinal nerves.

24
Q

Somat PNS anatomy

A

All somatic motor nuerons innervate skeletal muscle cells AND use ACh as the nuerotransmitter.

Cell bodies are in the brain stem or the ventral part of the spinal cord.

All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite that extends to the soma in the dorsal root ganglion just outside the CNS on the dorsal side. Note, that this means that they are protected by the spinal cord, but not within the meninges. Axon extends to the spinal cord so that all have the first synapse in the CNS (either spine or brain).

25
Q

Autonomic PNS anatomy

A

Efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic have two neurons:
(1) pre-ganglionic: cell body is in the brain stem or spinal cord. Axon projects to ganglion oustide the spinal cord.
(2) post ganglionic

26
Q

Autonomic pre-ganglionic neurons release

A

ACh

27
Q

Sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release

A

Epinephrine

28
Q

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release

A

ACh

29
Q

Innervation of all sympathetic efferent neurons?

Length of pre and post ganglionic efferents

A

Thoracic or Lumbar regions

Pre-ganglionic is short. Ganglia are large.

Post-ganglionic are long.

30
Q

Innervation of all parasympathetic efferents?

A

Cranial/Sacral

Pre-ganglionic is long. Ganglia are smaller.

Post-ganglionic are short.

31
Q

Division of the spinal cord

A

Cervical: C1 - C8

Thoracic: T1 - T12

Lumbar: L1 - L5

Sacral: S1 - S5

32
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Ad - Above; Renal - kidney (so two of these structures)

Medulla - inner-portion is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, embryologically derived from sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons and innervated by pre-ganglionic neurons. (Note that this is an exception to the rule that sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are short!!!!)

Cortex - outer portion; important endocrine gland.

Function: Releases epinephrine

33
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary Axis

A

Link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

34
Q

Endocrine v. Exocrine gland

A

Endocrine: ductless gland whose secretions are picked up by capillaries supplying blood to region.

Exocrine: Secrete products into external environment via ducts.

35
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Synthesized in the Rough ER and Golgi Apparatus.

Stored in vessicles.

Dissolve in plasma.

Communicate via secondary messengers. Also signal amplificaiton.

Rapid effect: minutes to hours.

Examples:
(1) Polypeptides = insulin which is secreted by Beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of langerhans in response to high blood glucose.
(2) Amino Acids (no peptide bonds obviously): Tyrosine can be modified to from
(i) Catecholemines (act like peptide hormones through secondary messenger cascade)
(ii) Thyroid hormone - acts more like a steroid insofar as it incorporates iodine and then enters the cell to bind DNA.

36
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Syntehsized from cholesterol in the smooth ER.

If not needed, not synthesized as cannot store in vessicles.

Cannot disolve in plasma so transit attached to blood proteins ex. Albumin.

Effects are slow (days to weeks) because they alter transcription.

Example: Steroids released from..
(1) Testes/ovaries/placenta -
(2) adrenal cortex - water balance and others

37
Q

Calcitonin and [Ca2+]

A

Calcitonin prevents serum calcium from rising above specific levels.

38
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that regulate other hormones.

Ex. Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) secreted from anterior pituitary. That then results in secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex.

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Releases tropic hormones as well.

Referred to as: Release and Inhibiting Factors/hormones.

40
Q

Division of the pituitary

A

Anterior (Adenohypophysis) is a normal endocrine gland.

Posterior (neurohypophysis) - innervated by neuroendocrine cells that secrete hormones into the blood such as Oxytocin/ADH/Vasopressin

41
Q

Thyroid Hormone Chain

A

Anterior Pituitary releases Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid gland releases Thyroid Hormone (one of two forms with either 3 or 4 iodine)

Effect: Increase metabolic rates, increase body temperature. In kids it stimulates growth.

Psychology (9 decks)

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