Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Psych Part 4 > Flashcards

Psych Part 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Validity

A

External Validity: Difficult to apply to the real world

Internal Validity: inherent flaws/innacuracies in design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Internal validity error: subtle cues that alter the behaviour of subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Construct validity

A

Internal validity error. Does it actually measure what it is supposed to?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Threats to internal validity

A

Impression management - behaviour adapts to perceived characteristics; self-fufilled prophecy

Confounding variables

Lack of reliability - tools are not measuring what they are supposed to

Sampling bias

Attrition effects

Demand characteristics

Experiment does not reflect real world

Selection criteria

Situational effects

Lack of statistical power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Correlation Studies

A

Tend to draw on Pearson Correlation studies. -1 to +1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ethnographic studies

A

Qualitative!

Researchers immerse themselves in a group.

Strength: Minimal resources; in-depth

Weaknesses: replicability, presence of researcher, hard to verify methodology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Sub-type is cross-sectional studies looking at a collection of the population at a specific time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Case studies

A

In-depth exploration of individuals, groups, or phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phenomenological studies

A

introspective method.

Study oneself or study thoughts/self-perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Survey

A

Pros: easy to administer and cheap

Cons: hard to validate honesty, whether it is a poor sample, or poor questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Archival studies

A

Previously collected data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biographical studies

A

Extensive life account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Observational

A

Observation only. No attempt to control variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Society

A

A group of people that share a culture and live/interact with eachother in a definable area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sociology

A

Study of people and the reciprocal influence of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

Society as a living organism. Independent parts with distinct and necessary purposes.

Initiated by Herbert Spencer.

Focus on social functions and societal structures.

Can thrive or become diseased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

1858 - 1917. Established Sociology as a distinct discipline.

Functionalist. Argued that order was paramount to a successful society because all structures are interdependent.

Modern societies are more complex than primitive ones which can be held together because they are small and share language, customs, and values.

Dynamic equilibrium. Can break, but good societies revert. Social dysfunction reduces stability of society.

Society can be viewed hollistically as a collection of SOCIAL FACTS which are elements that serve a function in society: laws; morales; values; religion. Related, believed in COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE.

MANIFEST FUNCTIONS

LATENT FUNCTIONS

CRITIQUE: Inability to account for rapid change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Marx (1818 - 1883)

Unequal social order maintained by hegemony.

Societal “consensus” is defined by a super-strucutre and used to justify what is normal/inevitable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Max Weber

A

1864 - 1920
Conflict Theory

Did not believe collapse of capitalism was inevitable.

Critique of Marx was the lack of integration of beliefs/values. Included the protestant/puritan work ethic as contribution to capitalist success.

Funamental trend of society was its RATIONALIZATION ie. increased efficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Term by Hubert Blumer, but Weber set the stage.

(Micro) Society as a composite of small interactions.

Individuals shape reality through understanding and subsequent behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

1863 - 1931

We make sense of the world by ascribing meaning to symbols and language, which depend on individuals and the social context.

Meaning is a central aspect fo human behaviour, but it is subjective:
1. humans ascribe meaning and act on that meaning
2. language allows for generation of meaning
3. Modify meaning by observation and interpretation of others in a social context

Encouraged language, games, and play at all ages.

Difference between “I” (individual self) “me” more important when others interpret our behaviour.

Thought = a composition of I and ME.

Definition of the situation.

Thomas Theorem - our interpretation of a situation reflects our response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dramaturgical Approach

A

Erving Goffamn (1922 - 82)

Sub-type of symbolic interactionism.

Life as a stage, individuals as performers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Critiques of interactionism

A

Neglects macro social interpretation and may miss larger social issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

General critique of conflict theory

A

Too much focus on conflict, what about cooperation and beliefs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Social Constructionism

A

People assert reality. Society is subject to “meaning making” and collective definition making.

Social constructs: mechanisms and practices created by society.

Major difference with SI: SC can focus both micro and macro.

STOCKS OF KNOWLEDGE: allow for quick classification of actions and structures our process –> result is TYPIFICATION (general knowledge structures view).

Typification can expand to Institutionalization.

Concerned with Mass Media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Feminist theory

A

Concerned with the difference between men/female.

How social structures contribute to gender differences (macro) and how differences result in individual reactions (micro).

Active Oppression

Intersectionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rational Choice and Exchange Theory

A

Economic (micro and macro)

Includes Social exchange theory, game theory, and rational actor theory.

Focus: Maximize advnatage and minimize disadvantage. Social order is a consequence of this.

Utilitarian:
1. Rational actions
2. Maximize self-interest

28
Q

Criticism of Rational Choice and Exchange Theory

A

Does not account for our lack of rationality and culture/subjective meaning.

29
Q

Social institutions

A

complexes of roles, norms, and values that exist in a relatively stable form and contribute to governance of people.

Ex. Education, family, religion, government, and healthcare

30
Q

Family

A

Five general functions:
1. Reproduction
2. Protection
3. Socialization
4. Affetion/companionship
5. Social status

31
Q

Polygamy

A

Polygyny

Polyandry

32
Q

Endogamy

A

Marry within group

33
Q

Exogamy

A

Marry outside group

34
Q

Kinship

A

How we think about how we are related. A cultural group not a biological group.

Community, friends, guardians

35
Q

Kin group delineations

A

Bilateral - both maternal and paternal

Maternal - Matrilineal

Paternal - patrilineal

36
Q

Relationships of power within kin

A

Egalitarian, Patriarchal, Matriarchal

37
Q

4 Types of child abuse

A

Physical, emotional, sexual, neglect

38
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

Conflicts with the manifest curriculum

39
Q

Education segregation

A

divisions between high and low economic standing

40
Q

Teacher expectancy theory

A

Teacher develops impressions of students (quickly), if student generally fits, they will play into that role.

41
Q

Educational stratification

A

Can perpetuate gaps in education across groups.

42
Q

Forms of Religious Organization

A

Ecclesia - dominant organization that includes most of society. Born into institution. Ex. Sweden with lutheranism

Church - Integrated, join by birth but possible to join later, concerned with sacred and ordinary aspects of life.

Sect - Distinct from larger society and breaks away from larger institutions. Can be by birth or later.

Cult - Far outside social norms.

43
Q

Social Function of religion

A

Cohesion, meaning, support of all kinds, social dissent/violence, social change, lifestyle

44
Q

5 Major religions

A

Christianity - 30% of global population; has judgement day

Islam - 20 - 25% of global population; No secularization in muslim states;

Hinduism - 14% of global population, polytheistic, reincarnation

Buddhism - No deity; achieve enlightenment, and overcome physical/material desires

Judaism - 0.2% of global population

45
Q

Religiosity

A

Extent to which religion influences life

46
Q

Aristarchic Governments

A

Aristocratic (elites)

Meritocracies (meritorious)

47
Q

Distribution of power in Government structures

A

Aristarchic

Autocratic

Monarchies

48
Q

Autocratic

A

Dictatorship - one person

Facist regime - small group

49
Q

Choosing government leadership

A

Authoritarian Government

Democratic Government

Oligarchic Government

50
Q

Authoritarian government

A

Selected

Some individual freedoms

No control over representation

51
Q

Oligarchic Government

A

Can be but not always elected.

Ruled by a group with shared interest, typically wealthy.

ex. Theocracies

52
Q

Structure of governments

A

Republican

Federalist

Parliamentary

Presidential

Anarchy

53
Q

Republican

A

People have supreme power

54
Q

Federalist

A

Governing head, but shares power with constituent groups

55
Q

Parliamentary

A

Executive and Legislative

56
Q

Presidential

A

Organizing branches and head of state

57
Q

Four economic structure categories

A

Command

Market economics

Mixed economies

Traditional economies

58
Q

Economics

A

Describing the production, distribution, and consumption of resources

59
Q

Command Economy

A

Economic decisions are made based on production plan. Means of production are usually public.

ie. Socialism/Communism

60
Q

Market economies

A

Economic decisions are based on market, means of production are private,

61
Q

Mixed economies

A

Blend of command and market economies.

62
Q

Traditional Economies

A

Social customs considered in economies - barter/trade

63
Q

Communism

A

Special form of socialism. Collective ownership of goods production, absence of currency, classes, and states.

Rooted in shared economic, political, and social ideologies.

64
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

Private, but public social welfare

65
Q

State Capitalism

A

Business are primary, but function with government oversight

Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions