Psych Part 5 Flashcards
Primary Care
Preventative care; disease management; community-based
Secondary Care
Acute care (Emergency department)
Tertiary Care
Specialized
Medical Model of Disease
Emphasizes the physiological and pathological nature of disease.
Focus on ultimate cause.
Medicalization
Process of a condition being recognized as a disease
Can influence social problems.
Social model of disease
Emphasizes how social context impacts disease
Focus on proximate cause.
Social epidemiology
studies of how social organization contributes to disease
Food desert
Lack of healthy/fresh food
Sick Role
Defined by Talcott Parsons.
Sickness equates to a type of deviance as it becomes a burden on society.
In exchange for the fact that others must fill in for the absence of a sick persons contribution, there is an obligation to get better.
Note criticism: May reflect acute illness, but not chronic or a “life-style” disease.
Illness experience
Phenomenological in a sense - interested in subjective experience of a patient.
Culture
A shared way of life.
Common elements of culture
Symbolic culture
Material Culture
Non-material
Popular culture
High culture - limited to the elites
Cultural universals
Survival essentials: Food, shelter
or
human events: birth, death, illness
Values
Standards for evaluating good from bad
Beliefs
Convictions/principles that people hold
Norms
(In)visible social conduct/rules of society
Sociobiology
How biology and evolution have affected social behaviour.
Assumes that certain behaviours have biological roots.
Consider culture to be a product of and complimentary to human evolution.
Cultural Construction and Transformation
Cultural diffusion
Cultural competence
Cultural transmission
Social Change
Social Lag
Transition shock
Sociocultural evolution
Cultural diffusion
transfer of culture between social groups (direct, indirect, or forced)
Cultural competence
effective interaction of ppl between cultures
Cultural transmission
Transfer of knowledge between generations
Social chance
Culture is not static
Cultural Lag
Culture change lags behind social change.
Material culture tends to change much faster than the non-material.
Transition shock
Culture Shock as a sub-example
Sociocultural evolution
Sociobiology
Modernization
Population studies
Concerned with demographic shifts.
Population growth rate
Rate of population change over time. Expressed as % of initial population.
Population equilibrium
Growth/decline = balanced, typically at carrying capacity
Population distribution
Usually reflected by population pyramids
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Number of births per 1000 individuals in population.
10 - 20 is considered low; 40 - 50 is considered high
Crude death rate (CDR)
Number of deaths per 1000 individuals
Below 10 is considered low; above 20 is considered high
Rate of population change
CDR - CBR
Check that this equation is the right way round
Age-specific birth/death rates
Annual birth/death rate per 1000 individuals of population.
General fertility rate
Annual number of births per 1000 women in a population.
Total fertility rate
Predicts total number of births per single woman in a population.
Assumes:
1. Woman experience current age-specific fertility rate
- Womens reproductive lifespan is 15 - 45
Replacement fertility rate
Required to maintain the population as balanced.
Population lag effect
Notes that the change in fertility rate is often not noticeable for a number of generations.
This is because a period of significant births will result in more women that are predicted to have children, irrespective of how many they actually have.
Mortality
Death rate
Morbidity
Nature and extent of disease in a population
Incidence rate
Number of new cases of a disease
Prevalence rate
Number of people experiencing a disease
Case fatality rate
Death as a result of diagnosis of disease/procedure
Life expectancy
Number of years expected to live from birth.
Current leading cause of death worldwide
Ischemic heart disease
Infant mortality rate
Annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under age one.
Current countries range from 5 (iceland) to 170 (sierra leone)
Migration
The geographic movement of people, families, and/or small groups.
Alternate factor in demographic change than birth/death.
Note: distinct from non-permanent movement ie. travel or nomadism
Types of Migration
Internal
External
Everett Lee
Factors in migration:
Push: Unattractive things like economy, religious, violence, genocide
Pull: Attraction to new area
Urban growth/decline/renewal
A form of internal migration.
Link between urbanization and industrialization.
Urban blight
Theories of demographic change
Demographic Transition (DT)
Malthusian
Neo-Malthusian
Demographic Transition (DT)
Higher to lower overall birth and death rates during the transition from pre-industrial to industrial.
Can lead to stability in a population.
Specific stages are described.
Critiques: Does not acknowledge social factors such as religion on birth rates.
Malthusian
Population reflects availability of resources for sustenance.
Stated that the possible rate of population growth exceed the possible rate of resource increase resulting in two checks on population:
(1) Positive checks: death rate; illness; disaster; hunger; wars
(2) Preventative checks: abstinence; birth control late marriage; same-sex
Malthusian Catastrophe: When the means of sustenance do not meet the population need.
Neo-malthusian
Follows central principles of Malthusian theory, but advocates for population control.
Age
Can be chronicled from birth to death, however some cultures include the period of gestation.
Has social and biological components.
Stable populations
An even distribution of ages.
Gender schema theory
Study of how gender roles become socialized in society
Transgender
Individuals with a gender identity that is distinct from their biological sex.
Race
Description of a social group based on shared characteristics.
Often shared biological/genetic traits.
Ethnicicty
Ethnogenesis
Social process resulting in the creation of new ethnicities.
Racial formation perspective
Michael Omi and Howard Winat.
Describes how race is a fluid social construct enforced through macro and micro processes.
Argues that biological differences would be meaningless without social constructs.
Racialization of Ethnicization
A social process by which dominant groups ascribe racial or ethnic identities.
Sexual Orientation
Targets of personal romantic interest.
Three main: hetero, homo, bi
Pansexual
Attracted to people irrespective of sex
Kinsey Hetero-homo scale
Scale from 0 - 6, with hetero being 0 and 6 being homo
