Psychological Consequences in Cardiac and Respiratory Disease

Question 1

Give examples of emotional risk factors which can increase your risk of Cardiorespiratory disease

Answer 1

Anxiety
Depression
Anger / Hostility

Question 2

Stress can impact your behaviours and lifestyle in what way, which would increase your risk of Cardiorespiratory disease

Answer 2

Stress can impact your diet, level of exercise, smoking and alcohol intake

Question 3

Give examples of chronic stressors which may increase your risk of Cardiorespiratory disease

Answer 3

Socio-economic status, work stress, marital stress, caregiver strain

Question 4

Define “Impairment”

Answer 4

Loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function

Question 5

Define “Disability”

Answer 5

Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner considered normal, on an individual level

Question 6

Define “Handicap”

Answer 6

Disadvantage for a given individual on a societal level, resulting from an impairment that limits of prevents fulfilment of a role that is normal

Question 7

What is the ICIDH?

Answer 7

International Classification of Impairments, Disability and Handicaps?

Question 8

What is a criticism of the ICIDH?

Answer 8

• Not all patients who experienced such health concerns are indeed limited
• Role of the environment is not explicitly addressed
• Does not account for personal factors such as coping / attitude

Question 9

What is the ICF?

Answer 9

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Question 10

What are the advantages of the ICF over the ICIDH?

Answer 10

• It acknowledges that every human can experience a decline in health and some degree of disability
• It takes into account social aspects of disability

Question 11

What is Primary Appraisal with respect to stress?

Answer 11

Appraisal of the life event

Question 12

What is Secondary Appraisal with respect to stress?

Answer 12

Appraisal of personal coping abilities to cope with stress

Question 13

How is challenge, threat and boredom defined?

Answer 13

Challenge: Demand matches resources

Threat: Demand exceeds resources

Boredom: Resources exceed demand

Question 14

What are the Bowlby’s Stages of Grief? 4 points

Answer 14

Numbness
Yearning / pining / anger
Disorganisation and despair
Reorganisation

Question 15

What are the Kuber-Ross’s Stages of Grief? 5 points

Answer 15

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 16

What is Cardiac neurosis / Da Costa’s syndrome?

Answer 16

Psychiatric disorder involving chest pain, SOB, rapid pulse, fatigue, palpiations with no underlying cardiac pathology

Question 17

In what two situations would Cardiac neurosis / Da Costa’s syndrome develop in?

Answer 17

• Relative / friend who has been recently diagnosed with cardiac condition
• Post MI

Question 18

Outline the steps in the Cycle of Change (6 points)

Answer 18

• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Determination
• Action
• Relapse
• Maintenence

Question 19

What three factors influence behaviour change?

Answer 19

1. Information - does the patient know enough about their condition?
2. Motivation - do they feel empowered to change?
3. Strategy - Does the patient know how to change?