Physiological Consequences of Lung Disease

Question 1

What is “Ventilation” defined as?

Answer 1

The exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere

Question 2

How is Minute Ventilation calculated?

Answer 2

Minute Ventilation = Tidal volume x Respiratory Rate

Question 3

How is Alveolar Ventilation calculated?

Answer 3

Alveolar Ventilation = (Tidal volume - Deadspace) x Respiratory Rate

Question 4

Which is an active and which is a passive process in Inspiration and Expiration?

Answer 4

Inspiration = Active process
Expiration = Passive process

Question 5

What is the normal oxygen saturation of Haemoglobin?

Answer 5

95 plus / minus 2%

Question 6

Acidaemic blood is represented as what?

Answer 6

pH of blood <7.35

Question 7

Alkalaemic blood is represented as what?

Answer 7

pH of blood >7.45

Question 8

What is Type 1 Respiratory failure defined as?

Answer 8

Hypoxaemia and Hypocapnia / Normocapnia

Question 9

What is Type 2 Respiratory failure defined as?

Answer 9

Hypoxaemia and Hypercapnia (due to hypoventilation)

Question 10

What is Cor Pulmonale?

Answer 10

Abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels

Question 11

In Obstructive Disease, how is FEV and FVC different? What value would FEV / FVC be?

Answer 11

FEV = Reduced
FVC = Same 

FEV / FVC = Less than 0.7

Question 12

In Restrictive Disease, how is FEV and FVC different? What value would FEV / FVC be?

Answer 12

FEV = Reduced
FVC = Reduced

FEV / FVC = Greater than 0.7

Question 13

Give 3 examples of Obstructive Diseases

Answer 13

Asthma
COPD
Bronchiectasis

Question 14

Give 3 examples of Restrictive Diseases

Answer 14

Obesity
Pulmonary fibrosis
Chest wall deformities

Question 15

Early Acute Asthma is Type what Respiratory Failure?

Answer 15

Type 1 Respiratory Failure

Question 16

Late Acute Asthma is Type what Respiratory Failure?

Answer 16

Type 2 Respiratory Failure

Question 17

V/Q mismatch can present in two distinct patterns - what are they?

Answer 17

Normal Ventilation, Reduced Perfusion (Deadspace)

Reduced Ventilation, Normal Perfusion (Shunting)

Question 18

What is Deadspace defined as?

Answer 18

Air entry in the lungs which does not take part in gaseous exchange

Question 19

In Normal Ventilation / Reduced Perfusion (deadspace) V/Q mismatch - what are some causes?

Answer 19

Right to Left cardiac shunt

Pulmonary Embolism

Question 20

In Reduced Ventilation / Normal Perfusion (shunting) V/Q mismatch - what are some causes?

Answer 20

Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Obstructive Lung Disease

Question 21

In Right to Left cardiac shunt - what type of V/Q mismatch is exhibited?

Answer 21

Normal ventilation, but reduced perfusion (dead-space)

Question 22

In a Pulmonary Embolism, what type of V/Q mismatch is exhibited?

Answer 22

Normal ventilation, but reduced perfusion (dead-space)

Question 23

In Pneumonia, what type of V/Q mismatch is exhibited?

Answer 23

Reduced ventilation, but normal perfusion (shunting)

Question 24

In Obstructive Lung Disease, what type of V/Q mismatch is exhibited?

Answer 24

Reduced ventilation, but normal perfusion (shunting)

Question 25

In Pneumothorax, what type of V/Q mismatch is exhibited?

Answer 25

Reduced ventilation, but normal perfusion (shunting)