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MCAT Content Review > Psych Theories > Flashcards

Psych Theories Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Ability to detect signal amongst other stimuli (4 possibilities: hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection)

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2
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Ability to perceive whole by just seeing parts

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3
Q

Perpetual Processing

A

Bottom-up: sensory receptors generate information for complex processing
Top-down: brain applies experience and expectations to interpret sensory information

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4
Q

Broadbent Filter Model

A

Selective attention model where there is an attended channel. Unattended channel stops at the selective filter and doesn’t get to higher-level processing/working memory

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5
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Information of personal importance from previously unattended channels grabs attention

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6
Q

Anne Treismen’s Attenuation Model

A

Unattended channel is tuned down rather than eliminated completely

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7
Q

Selective Priming

A

Selectively primed (either by frequency or expectation) to observe something

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8
Q

Spotlight Model

A

Spotlight on movement of attention (not movement of the eyes)

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9
Q

Binding Problem

A

Inability to correlate objects and object features correctly when distracted

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10
Q

Divided Attention

A

Ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously

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11
Q

Resource Model of Attention

A

Limited resources are used to perform similar tasks (ie. when resources are overwhelmed, tasks cannot be performed)

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12
Q

Alan Baddeley’s Cognition Model

A 
Redefined ST memory to "working memory" 
5 parts: 
1. LT memory stores
2. Visiospatial sketchpad
3. Episodic buffer
4. Phonological loop
5. Central executive
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13
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Perioperational (2-7)
  3. Concrete Operational (7-11)
  4. Formal Operational (11+)
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14
Q

Object Permanence

A

Things continue to exist when they are out of sight (sensorimotor stage)

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15
Q

Conservation

A

Quantity of liquids remain the same despite changes in shape (concrete operational stage)

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16
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search for information that confirms preconceived thinking

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17
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see the problem form a fresh perspective

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18
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed

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19
Q

Belief Bias

A

Accept conclusions that fit with our beliefs and reject others

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20
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary beliefs

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21
Q

Stages of Sleep

A
  1. Awake but sleepy
  2. Stage I
  3. Stage II
  4. Stage III and Stage IV
  5. REM
22
Q

Stage 0 Sleep

A

Awake but sleepy

EEG: alpha waves (low amplitudes, high frequencies8-12Hz)

23
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

non-REM
EEG: theta waves (low intensity, IM frequency 3-7Hz)
EOG: slow eye movement
EMG: moderate activity

24
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

non-REM
EEG: K-complex, sleep spindles (12-14Hz)
EOG: no activity
EMG: moderate activity

25
Q

Stage 3 and 4 Sleep

A

non-REM
EEG: delta waves (high amplitudes, low frequencies 0.5-3Hz)
EOG: no activity
EMG: moderate activity

26
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - dreams
EEG: beta waves (low intensity, high frequency 16-25Hz)
EOG: bursts of quick eye movements
EMG: no activity (mimics awakeness - paradoxical sleep)

27
Q

Universal Emotions

A

Prefrontal Cortex

  1. Happiness
  2. Sadness
  3. Surprise
  4. Fear
  5. Disgust
  6. Anger
28
Q

Theories of Emotion

A
  1. James-Lange: Physiologic response preceeds emotion
  2. Cannon-Bard: Physiologic response occurs at the same time as emotion
  3. Physiologic response -> cognitive interpretation -> emotion
29
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one’s ability to manage situations

30
Q

Theories of Language Development

A
  1. Language Acquisition (infants learn language)
  2. BF Skinner’s Behaviorist Model
  3. Noah Chomsky’s Universal Grammar
31
Q

Universal Grammar

A

Everyone possesses animate feature allowing us to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during childhood

32
Q

Sensitization

A

Produces a more exaggerated response - you become more sensitive to stimulus

33
Q

Associated Learning

A

How events are connected with each other (classical conditioning/operant conditioning)

34
Q

Non-Associative Learning

A

Repeated exposure (habituation/sensitization)

35
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning of conditioned response by pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus

36
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  1. Positive Reinforcement
  2. Negative Reinforcement
  3. Positive Punishment
  4. Negative Punishment
37
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Decrease behavior by presenting an undesired stimulus before the behavior

38
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by presenting a desired stimulus following the behavior

39
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by removing an undesired stimulus following the behavior

40
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Reinforcement is given after a set # of behaviors

41
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable # of behaviors

42
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time

43
Q

Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement is given after an inconsistent amount of time

44
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Decrease behavior by removing a desired stimulus before the behavior

45
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology is explained by lessons learned from behaviors and their consequences

46
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Thought to navigate the world

47
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Increase in synaptic strength occurring after a brief period of stimulation causing stronger electrochemical responses (signal reinforcement)

48
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

Social factors influence a person’s attitude

49
Q

Theories of Intelligence

A
  1. Francis Galton - intelligence can be tested
  2. Alfred Binet - quantified intelligence (IQ test)
  3. Charles Spearman - generalized intelligence
  4. Raymon Cattell - crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
  5. Howard Gardner - 8 intelligences leading to emotional intelligence
  6. Edward Thorndike - social/emotional intelligence
50
Q

Infant Reflexes

A
  1. Startle
  2. Rooting - nipple
  3. Sucking - roof of mouth
  4. Babinski - toes fan w/ foot stroke
  5. Tonic Neck - head turn/arm raise
  6. Palmar Grasp - hand grasp
  7. Walking/Stepping
51
Q

Motor Development

A 
0-1 reflexive (primative)
0-2 rudimentary (voluntary) 
2-7 fundamental (run/jump) 
7-14 specialized (combine movements) 
14+ life-long application (refining)

MCAT Content Review (13 decks)

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