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mcat content review > BIO7: Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles and the Cell Cyle > Flashcards

BIO7: Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles and the Cell Cyle Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What domain are eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukarya

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2
Q

What domain are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria or archaea

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3
Q

What are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, DNA in nucleus, DNA wrapped in chromatin, can divide by sexual (meiosis) and asexual (mitosis) division, animal cells don’t have cell wall, flagella is made of 9+2 microtubules

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4
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, no histone proteins/naked DNA, division by binary fission, bacterial cell walls of peptidoglycan, and flagella is made of flagellin protein

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5
Q

Domain eukarya

A

Protists,fungi, plantae, animalia

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6
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled eukaryotes that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissue/debris

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7
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation/derives its intake of nutrition from other organic carbon

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8
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Describes the evolution of eukaryotic cells that originally engulfed another prokaryotic cell and lived in symbiosis to become organelles

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue include what type of cells

A

Squamous cells, cuboidal cells, columnar cells that lines body cavities

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10
Q

Connective tissue includes what types of cells

A

Bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood

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11
Q

What is function fo the nucleus?

A

Contains and protects genetic material

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12
Q

What processes occur in the nucleus?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. RNA processing
  3. transcription
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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of ATP production through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation that creates a H+ gradient harnessed by ATP synthase

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14
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Inner and outer membrane with intermembrane space

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15
Q

Where is the cristae located?

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

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16
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Space within the inner membrane that houses different enzymes of metabolism as well as mitochondrial DNA

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17
Q

How do mitochondria replace themselves?

A

They are self-replicating and contain all the machinery required for self-replciation

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18
Q

mtDNA

A

Mitochondrial DNA are small circular DNA that codes for proteins in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which are passed down from maternal cytoplasm

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19
Q

What are unique about mitochondrial ribosomes?

A

They are different from ribosomes in the rest of the cell (70S) and are evident of the endosymbiotic theory

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20
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelles that house the enzymes required to break down polymers

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21
Q

What polymers do lysosomes affect?

A

Lipids, proteins, DNA, carbohydrates

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22
Q

Acid hydrolases

A

Enzymes that degreade molecules by hydrolysis

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23
Q

Autophagy

A

Self-degredation of damaged/defunct cell parts

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24
Q

What is the pH of lysosome?

A

~4.5

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25
Q

What is the pH of the cytoplasm?

A

~7.2

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26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Continuous membrane-enclosed system composed of cisternae (flattened sacs)

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27
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER lacks ribosomes

28
Q

What is the function of SER?

A
  1. Makes lipids
  2. Metabolizes carbohydrates, steroids, and toxins (liver)
  3. Stores and secretes Ca2+ in the SER of muscle cells
29
Q

Myocytes

A

muscle cells

30
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

SER of mucle cells

31
Q

Where are SER abundant?

A

Liver

32
Q

What is the function of RER?

A

Translation and post-translational protein modification

33
Q

What is the result of proteins made in the RER?

A
  1. Secreted by the cell
  2. Become part of the plasma membrane
  3. Be used in the ER, golgi, or lysosomes
34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies via post-translational modification, sorts, packages, and sends out proteins and lipids

35
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

Stacks of cisternae with cis and trans regions

36
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened discs in the ER and golgi

37
Q

Cis region

A

Receives proteins from RER (packaged in vesicles)

38
Q

Trans region

A

Where proteins and other molecules are sent from the golgi to their destination

39
Q

How are proteins processed through the ER?

A
  1. Translation in the cytoplasm
  2. N-terminus signal sequence is translated
  3. Sequence recognized by BRP causes translation to pause the ribosomes to become docked on the RER
  4. Protein translated into the lumen of the RER
  5. Chaerone protein or other enzymes may modify it and signal peptide removed
  6. RER works with golgi to send proteins to the proper location
40
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A
  1. Breakdown of long chain fatty acids into shorter fatty acid chains
  2. Metabolize drgus/other toxins
  3. Carry out redox reactions producting H2O2
41
Q

How do peroxisomes break down fatty acid chains?

A

Beta oxidation

42
Q

What is the product of beta oxidation?

A

Produces acetyl-CoA (short chain)

43
Q

Catalase

A

Breaks down damaging H2O2 in the peroxisome

44
Q

Eukaryotic cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

45
Q

What processes are included in interphase?

A

G1 –> S –> G2

46
Q

What processes are included in the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

47
Q

What is the function of interphase?

A
  1. Cell growth
  2. Prepares for cell division
  3. DNA replication
48
Q

G0 phase

A

Cell is not replicating or dividing which may be a temporary or permanent state (neurons)

49
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell growth

50
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

51
Q

G2 phase

A

More cell growth

52
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chomatin condenses into chromosomes
  2. Nucleolus disappears
  3. Mitotic spindle is assembled
  4. Centrioles prepare to send out spindle fibers
53
Q

Metaphase

A

Condensed and duplicated chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

54
Q

Anaphase

A
  1. Spindle fibers linked to the centromere of the chromosomes shorten
  2. Sister chromatids separate
  3. Cell elongates for division
55
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Nuclear envelope reforms

2. Chromosomes de-condense

56
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm and organelles through the clevage furrow

57
Q

What separates cells during cytokenesis?

A

Actin and myosin filaments contract to pinch cells apart throughout anaphase/telophase

58
Q

Kinetochore protein complex

A

Where the centromere links to the spindle fibers

59
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled?

A

Checkpoints at the G1, G2, and M phases that checks for certain conditions before proceeding

60
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

61
Q

Necrosis

A

Premature and un-programmed cell death due to cell injury

62
Q

How is apoptosis triggered?

A

Extrinsic or intrinsic signal (e.g. cell stress, cell damage)

63
Q

P53

A

Tumor suppressor gene that intrinsicly triggers apoptosis

64
Q

Caspases

A

Class of protease enzymes

65
Q

Protease

A

Enzymes that break down proteins and peptides

mcat content review (13 decks)

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