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mcat content review > BIO4: Medelian Genetics, Meiosis, and Genetic Diversity > Flashcards

BIO4: Medelian Genetics, Meiosis, and Genetic Diversity Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that encodes for a certain protein/function in cell

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2
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene (but located on the same locus)

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3
Q

Locus

A

Certain position on a chromosome representing the location of a gene

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4
Q

Diploid

A

Diploid organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes (one homologous chromosome from each parent which have the same set of genes but may have different alleles/heterozygous)

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5
Q

Haploid

A

Haploid organisms have 1 set of chromosomes which determines gene expression (no dominant/recessive)

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6
Q

Polygenic trait

A

A trait that is controlled by 2 or more different genes (e.g. height)

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7
Q

Complete dominance

A

AA and Aa both show dominant phenotype

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8
Q

Wild type

A

The most common form of a trait (may be recessive allele); other form is usually called “mutant”

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9
Q

Co-dominance

A

Both alleles of the gene are expressed (e.g. AB blood type)

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10
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

An intermediate phenotype is expressed (e.g. Rr = pink flowers)

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11
Q

What is the product of meiosis

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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12
Q

Daughter cells

A

Germ cells

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13
Q

Germ cells

A

Give rise to gametes in organisms that sexually reproduces

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14
Q

What is the process of meiosis

A

DNA replication -> meiosis I -> meiosis II

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15
Q

How is genetic diversity introduced in meiosis?

A

Recomination (cross-over) of homologous chromosomes and independent assortment

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16
Q

Recombination/cross-over of homologous chromosomes

A

Homologs exchange genetic material (same genes represented but different combination of alleles) before being split into daughter cells in synapsis

17
Q

How do meiosis differ from mitosis?

A
  1. Meiosis productes 4 haploid (1n) daughter cells
  2. Daughter cells are genetically distinct from parent
  3. 2 rounds of division (meiosis I and II)
  4. Germ cells produced
  5. Recombination between homologous chromosomes
18
Q

What is different about the meiosis and mitosis process?

A

In prophase 1 of meiosis, a tetrad forms by synapsis of homologous chromosomes and crossing over occurs

19
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

20
Q

Tetrad

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes connected by synapsis (4 total chromatids) and crossing over occurs

21
Q

What types of recombination can occur?

A

Single cross over (one point in tetrad) or double crossover (two points in tetrad)

22
Q

Chiasma

A

Physical link between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during recombination

23
Q

Non-disjunction

A

When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate correctly during meiosis OR mitosis resulting in aneuploidy

24
Q

Law or segregation

A

A parent has 2 alleles per gene but only passes 1 allele onto the next generations

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The alleles of one gene separate into daughter cells independently of the alleles for another gene (ie. The way gene A is sorted is random and independent of how gene B is sorted)

26
Q

What is the exception to the law of independent assortment?

A

Linkage

27
Q

Linkage

A

Genes that are close to each other on a chromosome are more likely to be inherited together (ie. Linked)

28
Q

Rf

A

Recombination frequency is a quantification of genetic linkage

29
Q

What does a large Rf value mean

A

The genes are further apart –> more likely to crossover –> independently assorted

30
Q

How do you calculate Rf?

A

Rf = the # of recombinant offspring/total # of offspring

31
Q

What does an Rf of 1 cM mean?

A

1% chance that those genes will cross over

32
Q

At what Rf value does independent assortment occur?

A

> /= 50%

33
Q

SRY gene

A

A gene in the sex-determining region on Y chromosomes that causes undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes instead of ovaries

34
Q

If no SRY gene is present

A

Gonads develop into ovaries (female = default sex)

35
Q

Examples of X-linked recessive disorders

A

Color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

36
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A

Inheritance of gene found outside of nuclear DNA (mitochondrial and chloroplasts have their own DNA)

37
Q

Hemizygous

A

Only one copy of the gene or DNA is present in diploid cells (e.g. mitochondrial DNA which is passed from mothers only)

mcat content review (13 decks)

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