Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Content Review > BIO4: Medelian Genetics, Meiosis, and Genetic Diversity > Flashcards

BIO4: Medelian Genetics, Meiosis, and Genetic Diversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that encodes for a certain protein/function in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene (but located on the same locus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Locus

A

Certain position on a chromosome representing the location of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diploid

A

Diploid organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes (one homologous chromosome from each parent which have the same set of genes but may have different alleles/heterozygous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Haploid

A

Haploid organisms have 1 set of chromosomes which determines gene expression (no dominant/recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polygenic trait

A

A trait that is controlled by 2 or more different genes (e.g. height)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complete dominance

A

AA and Aa both show dominant phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Wild type

A

The most common form of a trait (may be recessive allele); other form is usually called “mutant”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Co-dominance

A

Both alleles of the gene are expressed (e.g. AB blood type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

An intermediate phenotype is expressed (e.g. Rr = pink flowers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the product of meiosis

A

4 haploid daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Daughter cells

A

Germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Germ cells

A

Give rise to gametes in organisms that sexually reproduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the process of meiosis

A

DNA replication -> meiosis I -> meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is genetic diversity introduced in meiosis?

A

Recomination (cross-over) of homologous chromosomes and independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Recombination/cross-over of homologous chromosomes

A

Homologs exchange genetic material (same genes represented but different combination of alleles) before being split into daughter cells in synapsis

17
Q

How do meiosis differ from mitosis?

A
  1. Meiosis productes 4 haploid (1n) daughter cells
  2. Daughter cells are genetically distinct from parent
  3. 2 rounds of division (meiosis I and II)
  4. Germ cells produced
  5. Recombination between homologous chromosomes
18
Q

What is different about the meiosis and mitosis process?

A

In prophase 1 of meiosis, a tetrad forms by synapsis of homologous chromosomes and crossing over occurs

19
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

20
Q

Tetrad

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes connected by synapsis (4 total chromatids) and crossing over occurs

21
Q

What types of recombination can occur?

A

Single cross over (one point in tetrad) or double crossover (two points in tetrad)

22
Q

Chiasma

A

Physical link between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during recombination

23
Q

Non-disjunction

A

When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate correctly during meiosis OR mitosis resulting in aneuploidy

24
Q

Law or segregation

A

A parent has 2 alleles per gene but only passes 1 allele onto the next generations

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

The alleles of one gene separate into daughter cells independently of the alleles for another gene (ie. The way gene A is sorted is random and independent of how gene B is sorted)

26
Q

What is the exception to the law of independent assortment?

A

Linkage

27
Q

Linkage

A

Genes that are close to each other on a chromosome are more likely to be inherited together (ie. Linked)

28
Q

Rf

A

Recombination frequency is a quantification of genetic linkage

29
Q

What does a large Rf value mean

A

The genes are further apart –> more likely to crossover –> independently assorted

30
Q

How do you calculate Rf?

A

Rf = the # of recombinant offspring/total # of offspring

31
Q

What does an Rf of 1 cM mean?

A

1% chance that those genes will cross over

32
Q

At what Rf value does independent assortment occur?

A

> /= 50%

33
Q

SRY gene

A

A gene in the sex-determining region on Y chromosomes that causes undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes instead of ovaries

34
Q

If no SRY gene is present

A

Gonads develop into ovaries (female = default sex)

35
Q

Examples of X-linked recessive disorders

A

Color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

36
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A

Inheritance of gene found outside of nuclear DNA (mitochondrial and chloroplasts have their own DNA)

37
Q

Hemizygous

A

Only one copy of the gene or DNA is present in diploid cells (e.g. mitochondrial DNA which is passed from mothers only)

MCAT Content Review (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions