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MCAT Content Review > BIO5: Genetic Analyses, Evolution, and Natural Selection > Flashcards

BIO5: Genetic Analyses, Evolution, and Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Parent x parent –> F1 generation (x F1) –> F2 generation

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2
Q

Autosomal recessive disorders

A

All affected indiviudals have 2 carrier parents

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3
Q

Autosomal dominant disorders

A

All affected individuals have 1 affected parent (appears every generation)

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4
Q

In order to do a pedigree

A

The disorder must exhibit dominance and must not be sex-linked

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5
Q

Testcross

A

Used to determine if an individual that shows the dominant phenotype is homozygous (AA) or heterozygous (Aa) by crossing the individual with a homozygous recessive individual

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6
Q

Backcross

A

Hybrid individual crossed with one of the parent to determine recombination (ie. How far a part genes are)

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7
Q

How do you calculate Rf from a backcross?

A

Rf= sum of % of recombinants in backcross progeny

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8
Q

Epistasis

A

The expression of alleles for 1 gene is dependent on the alleles for another gene (e.g. pigment gene vs color gene)

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9
Q

Pleiotropy

A

1 gene that affects multiple different traits (e.g. PKU)

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10
Q

Allelic series

A

Multiple different alleles for a gene with varying degrees of dominance (e.g. blood type IA=IB>i

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11
Q

Complementation test

A

Used to determin whether two individuals with the same phenotype carry mutations on the same gene or different genes

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12
Q

How is the complementation test performed?

A

Cross two homozygous individuals with similar mutant phenotypes (e.g. AAbb x aaBB) and see if complementation/WT phenotype (AaBb) occurs/if mutant alleles are on 2 different genes

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13
Q

Polygenetic

A

Traits that are influenced by multiple different genes (genes interact additively to produce the phenotype - e.g. skin color)

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14
Q

Expected phenotype ratio for two heterozygotes if completely dominant

A

3:01

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15
Q

Expected phenotype ratio for two heterozygotes if codominant/incomplete

A

1:02:01

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16
Q

Expected phenotype ratio for two double heterozygotes if complete dominance

A

9:3:3:1

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17
Q

Expected phenotype ratio for two double heterozygotes if recessive epistasis

A

9:3:4 (aa for gene 1 is dominant over gene 2)

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18
Q

Expected phenotype ratio for two double heterozygotes if dominant epistasis

A

12:3:1 (A for gene 1 is dominant over gene 2)

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19
Q

Evolution

A

A change in heritable traits of a population across multiple generations

20
Q

What are the driving forces of evolution?

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Random genetic drift
  3. Mutation
  4. Gene flow
  5. Bottleneck effect
21
Q

Genetic drift

A

Sudden change in allele frequencies due to chance alone (ie. random sampling)

22
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of genes between populations (ie. Migration)

23
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Population size is dramatically reduced (ie. Disaster) and has nothing to do with fitness

24
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Different species without a common ancestor evolve similar traits due to adaptation to a similar environment (A/B -> S/S)

25
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Species with a common ancestor diverge away from each other over time (accumulate differences)

26
Q

Analogous structures

A

Similar traits (not due to common ancestry but environment) and serve a similar purpose (eg. Wings)

27
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that appear in different animals due to common ancestry but may be adapted for different purposes (eg. Phalanges)

28
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibirum

A

Allele frequencies in a gene pool will stay CONSTANT if:

  1. No mutation
  2. No migration
  3. No natural selection
  4. Random mating
  5. Large population
29
Q

How does the hardy weinberg equilibirum relate to evolution?

A

If there are no changes in allele frequencies (HW equilibirum), there is no evolution (defined by changes in allele frequencies)

30
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation

A

For a single gene with two alleles: p+q=1 and p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 (p^2 = freq. AA, q^2 = freq. aa, 2pq = freq. Aa)

31
Q

How do you determine if a population is in HW equilibirum?

A

Compare the allele frequencies across at least 2 generations. If they are the same, then the population is in HW equilibrium

32
Q

How do you calculate allele frequencies?

A

p (dominant allele) = AA + 1/2 Aa, q (recessive allele) = aa + 1/2 Aa

33
Q

What is the result of natural selection?

A

Alleles associated with advantageous traits becoming more abundant in subsequent generations

34
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria, archea, eukarya

35
Q

What are the differences between bacteria, archea, and eukarya

A

Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes w/ no nuclei, eukarya includes all other animals, plants, fungi and single-celled protists

36
Q

What is unique about bacteria vs. archae and eukarya?

A

Contain peptidoglycan in the cell walls

37
Q

What is unique about eukarya vs. bacteria?

A

Eukarya cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

38
Q

Kingdom

A

Protists,fungi, plantae, animalia

39
Q

Order of phylogeny

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dumb kids playing chase on the freeway get squished)

40
Q

Protists

A

Simple, unicellular eukaryotic organisms (e.g. slime molds, algae, protozoans)

41
Q

What kingdom are yeasts from?

A

Fungi

42
Q

Species

A

Group of genetically similar organisms that are able to interbreed, producing viable and fertile offspring

43
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of the same species that live in the same general region and naturally interbreed with each other

44
Q

Types of symbioses

A
  1. Mutualism (++)
  2. Commensalism (+0)
  3. Parasitism (+-)
45
Q

Symbiosis

A

2 organisms interacting closely

46
Q

Speciation

A

Creation of new species

47
Q

Why does speciation generally occur?

A

Organism enters a new niche or a geographical barrier is removed

MCAT Content Review (13 decks)

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