psych test 3-Altruism Flashcards
5 factors of Altruism
- Clarity of need
- Personal Safety
- Personal Skill
- Similarity to Victim
- Established Norms
Clarity of Need
Do they really need help? Are you sure?
Personal Safety
If you help them, will you be at risk?
Personal Skill
do you have any skills to help them?
Similarity to Victim
Can you empathize with them?
Established Norms
Are other respectable people doing?
Diffusion of Responsibility
Responsibility to help is diffused among the possible helpers.
What lessens diffusion?
2 things
- seeing the victim
2. there is no escape from the situation,
Confederate
Someone who works for the researcher, but appears to the test subjects to just be a regular person.
Exchange Theory
- what psychology?
- what is it?
- Behaviorism.
2. People help or don’t help because of rewards and punishments.
Rewards of Helping
3 things
- You feel good.
- Money/rewards.
- The person gets help they need.
Rewards of Not Helping
3 things
- No risk involved.
- It saves time.
- You avoid looking incompetent.
Punishments of Helping
3 things
- Risk is involved.
- It takes time.
- You could look incompetent.
Punishments of Not Helping
2 things
- You feel bad.
2. Someone could be harmed.
6 factors of liking
- Appearance
- Attribution
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Familiarity
- Reciprocal Liking
Appearance
How do they look?
Attribution
Attribute or award qualities given to someone based on appearance or behavior
The Halo Effect
someone is attractive, so they must be smart, kind, hardworking, and perfect
Proximity
Nearness. someone is easy to access
Similarity
Similar Interests
Familiarity
We are friends with people we interact with frequently.
Reciprocal Liking
We like people who like us
3 Parts of Attitude
- Cognitive
- Emotional
- Behavioral
Cognitive (part of attitude)
Knowledge.
Emotional (part of attitude)
Feelings.
Behavioral (part of attitude)
actions.
Cognitive Dissonance
When attitudes and behaviors are in conflict
How to fix cognitive dissonance
3 things
- Change attitude
- Change behavior
- Change both.
Sources of Attitudes
4 things
- Cognitive
- emotional
- Social
- Behavioral
Why know the source of an attitude
so you can change it.
Cognitive (source of attitude)
information
changing an Emotional (source of attitude)
difficult to change-create another emotional event.
Social (source of attitude)
family, friends, community, religion
Behavioral (source of attitude)
Do you like it because you do it? or do you do it because yo like it?
Fixed response (opinion poll)
- what?
- Problems (2)
- Why?
- select between given choices
- a) not accurate b) could lie
- Easy to tabulate
Open Ended response (opinion poll)
2 things
- More accurate
2. difficult to tabulate
Likert Scale (measurement scale) (3 things)
- Anonymous-reliable
- easy to tabulate
- less precise
Unobtrusive Measures
people don’t know they are being studied.
Social Validation
the more people who share an attitude the more likely we are to change ours to match.
Likable
we listen to people we like.
Scarcity
we are persuaded if we believe resources are scarce
Reciprocity
we are unhappy if we feel indebted to someone
change attitude to to feel even again.
Message
4 rules
- Can’t be too emotional
- must be presented logically
- New attitude must meet your needs
- Must accept the old attitude had merit.
Consistency with public comments
2 rules
- Avoid hypocrisy
2. avoid cognitive dissonance
Brainwashing
- Personal identity is removed
- must be dependent on authority figure for survival
- Rewards and punishments
- Social pressure to change
- not permanent
3 Factors of Conformity
- High visibility
- Group Attractiveness
- Directedness
High Visibility
the more visible you are, the more likely you are to conform
Group Attractiveness
3 groups
which is most likely to conform?
Leader
middle
lower
the middle
Directedness
2 things
innner directed-internal locus of control
Outer directed-outside locus of control
We will follow ________ even if it causes _______ ________
Authority
cognitive dissoncance
Who developed the attribution theory?
Heider
Explain the fundamental attribution error.
We are more inclined to attribute behavior to personal flaw as opposed to outside circumstances.
Define prejudice
Not liking a person for an actual reason.
Define discrimination
Not liking someone based on a category or group to which they belong, instead of a resin which has actual merit.
