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Psychology > Gender Roles/Cooperation and Competition > Flashcards

Gender Roles/Cooperation and Competition Flashcards

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1
Q

What are sex roles?

A

Biological things about a gender that set them apart from the other gender.

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2
Q

What is an example of a sex role?

A

Females have babies.

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3
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Sociological things about a gender that set them apart form the other gender.

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4
Q

for ever ___ (number) of girls ____ (number) of boys are born.

A

100 girls, 105 boys

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5
Q

at conception every fetus is what gender?

A

Female

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6
Q

How many hours does it take for a fetus’ gender to be decided?

A

24-48 hours after conception.

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7
Q

What did Margaret Mead believe about sex roles and dreams?

What were themes in the dreams of the genders?

A

Sex roles are manifest in dreams
Male-agressive, violent, red dreams with unknown people
Female-social dreams with known people.

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8
Q

What was Raisman’s Field Study?

What part of the brain was affected?

A
  1. Rats that had the opposite hormone injected into them from birth. The roles switched.
  2. The hypothalamus
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9
Q

What is Adrenogenital syndrome?

Who did a study about this?

A
  1. When females biologically have extra testosterone, therefore have more male interests and male activity level (tom boys)
  2. Erhardt
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10
Q

Who did the study about the domincan republic “girls” who later found out they were “boys”?

A

Julianne Imperato McGinley

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11
Q

What is Non-Conscious Ideology?

A

One cannot comprehend what has never occurred.

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12
Q

What is verbal feedback in Gender Roles?

A

Boys are told how to be boys, and girls are told how to be girls.

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13
Q

When does Frued say the identification of gender roles takes place?
What happens in this stage?

A
  1. In the Phalic stage
  2. The child falls in love with the opposite gender parent, and uses the same behavior as the same gender parent to get the attention of the opposite gender parent.
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14
Q

Soaker did what study? (1)

What did she find? (2 things)

A
  1. the study on schools and gender roles.
  2. Teacher feedback tends to support gender roles
    Teachers had gender role task assignments.
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15
Q

Modeling is from what school of thought?

A

Behaviorism

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16
Q

how does modeling theory work in gender roles?

A

There is reinforcement for appropriate gender roles.

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17
Q

What are the 4 criteria for instinct?

A
  1. behavior must develop in earliest stage
  2. must occur in most complete form at earliest opportunity
  3. must be universal to all species
  4. Must be specific neurophysiological process involved.
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18
Q

What is a discontinuous development?

A

happens in stages.

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19
Q

What are the 7 stages of the developmental continuum?

A
  1. Pre Birth
  2. Birth
  3. Childhood
  4. Adolescence
  5. Adulthood
  6. old age
  7. Death
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20
Q

Pre Birth

A

period in utero while baby develops and has received its genetic makeup

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21
Q

Birth (2 things)

A
  1. shortest stage

2. period of transitioning from being in environment where all needs are met to the “cold cruel world”

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22
Q

Childhood

A

From birth until puberty

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23
Q

Adolescence

A

new stage

24
Q

Adulthood

A

longest stage

25
Q

Post Partum stage

A

transition into world from inside mom

26
Q

Crying period

A

child is communicating and exercising

27
Q

What are the 7 stages of childhood?

A
  1. post partum
  2. crying period
  3. perceptual period
  4. eye-hand coordination
  5. transient fear
  6. walking stage
  7. talking stage
28
Q

Perceptual period

A

learn difference between self and world

29
Q

transient fear is what?

A

objet permanence

30
Q

what are the 4 steps to socialization?

A
  1. take advantage of children’s desire for praise/rewards
  2. take advantage of desire to avoid punishment?
  3. identification -emulate positive qualites
  4. imitation-be just like someone.
31
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Pre-opperation
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operations
32
Q

When does sensorimotor happen?

A

birth-age 2

33
Q

When does pre operational happen?

A

2-4 or 5 years

34
Q

What happens in pre-opperational?

A

Children are egotistical

35
Q

When does concrete operations happen/

A

5-10 or 11 years

36
Q

What is concrete operations (2 things)

A
  1. Literal understanding of world

2. children develop understanding of law of conservation

37
Q

When does formal operations happen?

A

12-on

38
Q

What is formal operations?

A

Children develop understanding of hypothetical ideas and abstractions (values and beliefs)

39
Q

What are Kohlberg’s 6 stages of development?

A
  1. right to avoid punishment
  2. right to satisfy own needs
  3. nice girl, good boy
  4. law and order
  5. right is determined by society
  6. right is determined by own conscience
40
Q

What is nice girl, good boy?

A

you are thought of as good by others “Oh, she is such a nice girl!”

41
Q

What do Kohlberg’s stages have to do with when deciding?

A

The reasoning behind the choice, not the choice itself.

42
Q

What did Margret Mead believe about competition or cooperation?

A

It’s learned

43
Q

What did Doubon and Arapes believe about competition or cooperation? (hint: the are behaviorists)

A

there are rewards for cooperation and sanctions for competition

44
Q

What are the benefits of competition? (4)

A
  1. creativity
  2. Spurs individualism
  3. makes more progress
  4. spurs productivity
45
Q

What are the negative effects of competition? (4)

A
  1. winning at any price (lying, cheating etc.)
  2. One winner
  3. hostile agression
  4. often causes inefficiency
46
Q

What are the Benefits of Cooperation? (3)

A
  1. feel better about participation
  2. More people find more success within group.
  3. safety net and security
47
Q

What are the Negative Effects of Cooperation? (3)

A
  1. Less creativity
  2. groups are static (change is slow)
  3. Less ability to feel significant in contribution.
48
Q

What are the physical changes of adulthood? (3)

A
  1. general physical decline, decrease of muscle strength
  2. Gray hair, wrinkles
  3. Takes longer to recover to homeostasis.
49
Q

What are the 3 theories of aging?

A
  1. through use our bodies wear out
  2. Accumulation of flawed cells which eventually dominate
  3. genetic predisposition regarding length of lifespan
50
Q

When does creativity peak?

A

between 30 and 50

51
Q

When are people most productive?

A

In their 60’s and 70’s

52
Q

What measures career success? (2 things)

A
  1. ability to engage in career that is personally meaningful

2. enjoyment vs monetary compensation.

53
Q

Where does an adults emotional development come from? (2)

A
  1. marriage

2. children

54
Q

What 5 kinds of growth happen in adolescence?

A
  1. physical
  2. cognitive
  3. language
  4. emotional
  5. moral
55
Q

What is jargon?

A

Unique language terms for your own generation.

56
Q

What 3 things cause isolation and a sense of loss in perceived personal experiences?

A
  1. Retirement
  2. Widowhood
  3. Death of friends and family
57
Q

What four factors did Kieth say contributed to a positive outlook regarding ones own death?

A
  1. Familiar surroundings
  2. Adequate financial security
  3. Achievement of life goals
  4. well educated.

Psychology (16 decks)

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