Psych/Soc: Social Institutions, Culture, and Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Polygyny vs polyandry

A

Polygyny -> husband with many wives
Polyandry -> wife with many husbands

polygamy is defined as marriage between one person and two or more spouses simultaneously and polygyny and polyandry are more specific to men and women

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2
Q

Endogamy

A

Marrying within a particular group

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3
Q

Exogamy

A

requirement to marry outside a particular group (norm to not marry family members)

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4
Q

Kinship

A

cultural group rather than biological one

Ex. extended fam, close family friends that are almost considered fam

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5
Q

Bilaterial descent
Patrilineal descent
Matrilineal descent

A

Bilaterial descent - if kin groups involve men and women relations
Patrilineal descent - if kin groups involve men relations
Matrilineal descent - if kin groups involve women relations

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6
Q

Egalitarian family

A

(Opposed to patriarchal fam)

This is when spouses are treated as equals

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7
Q

Cohabitation

A

When men and women live together but not married and may have children/do things married ppl do

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8
Q

*Hidden curriculum

A

Conflicts with the manifest curriculum (like medical students learning from other doctors that patients are nuisances)

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9
Q

*Teacher Expectancy theory

A

Student tend to match teacher expectations (pos and neg)

Teachers form expectations for students and students will follow them if they seem reasonable

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10
Q

Ecclesia

A

a dominant religious organization that includes most members of society, is recognized as national or official religion and tolerates no other religions, often integrated into politics
Ex. Iran -> Islam is official state religion, Sweden and Lutherism

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11
Q

Sect

A

Religious organization that is distinct from that of the larger society. Sects are often formed by breaking away from larger religious institutions
Ex. US Mormon community and the Amish community

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12
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Strong attachment to traditional religious beliefs (response to modernist societies)

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13
Q

Rational-legal authority

A

The U.S. gov is based on rational-legal authority, legal rules and reg stipulated in a document: Constitution

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14
Q

Traditional authority

Charismatic authority

A

Traditional authority from custom, tradition, or accepted practice
Charismatic authority - they get power by their persuasion

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15
Q

Aristarchic governments/Aristarchies

A

Controlled by a small group of ppl, selected on specific qualifications, with decision-making power; the public is not involved in most political decisions

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16
Q

Aristarchies include aristocracies

A

those ruled by elite citizens, like those with noble birth

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17
Q

Aristarchies include meritocracies

A

Those ruled by the meritorious, like those with a record of meaningful social contributions

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18
Q

Autocratic governments

A

controlled by a single person, or a selective group with absolute decision-making power

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19
Q

Autocracies include dictatorships and fascist government

A

dictatorships - rules by one person

fascist government - ruled by a small group of leaders

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20
Q

Monarchic governments

A

controlled by single person, or a selective group of people, who inherit leadership role like kings and queens

21
Q

Authoritarian governments

A

unelected leaders; public may have some individual freedoms but have no control over representation. Include totalitarianism (those in which unelected leaders regulate both public and private life through coercive means of control

22
Q

Direct democracies

A

governments in which there is direct public participation

23
Q

representative democracies

A

governments in which there is indirect public participation through elections of representatives

24
Q

Oligarchic governments

A

Less clear as leaders can be elected or unelected; the public might have the power to elect representation, but ppl have little influence in directing decisions and social change
Online: power rests with a small number of people.

Broadly speaking, an oligarchy is a form of government characterized by the rule of a few persons or families. More specifically, the term was used by Greek philosopher Aristotle in contrast to aristocracy, which was another term to describe rule by a privileged few. However, to Aristotle, an aristocracy signified rule by the best members of society, while an oligarchy was characterized by the rule of the few for corrupt and unjust purposes.

Although the term has, generally, fallen out of favor, oligarchy is sometimes used to describe a government or society in which rulers are selected from a small class of elites. These elites exercise power on behalf of their class rather than for the greater good. German-born, Italian sociologist Robert Michels coined the phrase “iron law of oligarchy,” which holds that there is an inevitable tendency of organizations to become less democratic and more oligarchic over time.

25
Q

Republican governments

A

Consider their countries to be public concerns and are thus democratic in nature, meaning ppl have supreme power
power is held by the people and their elected representatives

26
Q

Federalist government

A

include a governing representative head that shares power with constituent groups. There is a division b/w the central government or federalist government, and the constituent governments, or the state, provincial, and local governments

27
Q

Parliamentary governments

A

include both executive and legislative branches that are interconnected; members of the executive branch (ministers) are accountable to members to the legislature.

28
Q

Presidential governments

A

Us! include organizing branches and a head of state

29
Q

Command/planned economies

A

economies decisions are based on plan of production and the means of production are often public (state-owned); include socialism and communism

30
Q

Market economies

A

Economic decision dependent on supply and demand and means of production are often private

31
Q

Mixed economies

A

Blends element of command economies and market economies with both public and private ownership

32
Q

Traditional economies

A

consider social customs in economic decisions, common in rural areas and often involves bartering and trading

33
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

system in which most of the economy is private with the exception of extensive social welfare programs
Ex. most Western Europe bc have capitalism but also universal healthcare is provided by the state

34
Q

State capitalism

A

System where companies are privately run but work closely with the government in forming laws and regulations.
In the U.S. most businesses are privately owned but the gov runs schools, postal service, and the military.

35
Q

Durkheim contributed to our understanding of the division of labor and differentiated b/w two forms of social solidarity in relation to economic approaches:

Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity

A

Mechanical solidarity:
Allows society to remain integrated bc individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience

Organic solidarity:
Allows society to integrate through a division of labor, which leads to each person having a different personal experience; thus, each movement is distinguishable and separate

36
Q

*Medicalization

A

Medicalization - process through which human conditions are defined and treated as medical conditions ex. baldness, depression ,etc
The process of medicalization can be driven by new info or discoveries regarding conditions, changing social attitudes or economic consideration, the development of new medications or treatments

The process by which a condition come to be reconceptualized as a disease with a medical diagnosis and a medical treatment
When medicalization results in medical explanations for social problems, the physician can act as the expert on a variety of issues including child development, criminality, drug addiction, and depression

37
Q

Medical model of disease

A

which emphasizes physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness, it charcaterizes all illness as having a physiological or pathological basis

38
Q

Social model of disease

A

Emphasizes the effect one’s social class, employment status, neighborhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, and other factors have on a person’s health

39
Q

ultimate cause vs proximate cause of a person’s illness

A

Ultimate cause = someone working from the medical model of disease may look for ultimate cause

Someone from a social model may look for the proximate cause- something about the patient’s life circumstances

40
Q

*Social epidemiology

A

Study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
Can explain healthcare disparities

The field that studies how social organization contributes to the prevalence, incidence and distribution of disease across and within populations
Focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in population

41
Q

Food desert

A

Area where fresh food is difficult to find bc there are no proper grocery stores, making ppl more likely to eat high-calorie foods that have low nutritional value

42
Q

Sick role

A

Theory that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society (can’t serve customers in restaurant if sick); if an individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can, society allows for a certain amount of deviant behavior (if person doesn’t go to work bc sick so not performing responsibility to society)
Responsibilities: seek doctor, don’t have to work

43
Q

Food desert

A

Area where fresh food is difficult to find bc there are no proper grocery stores, making ppl more likely to eat high-calorie foods that have low nutritional value

44
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

The “iron law of oligarchy” states that all forms of organizaton develop oligarchic tendencies, especially in large groups and complex organizatons, some power will be concentrated, thereby establishing a new ruling class. The few come to rule the many

45
Q

*Ideal Bureaucracy

A

Weber conflict theorist talked about increasing rationalization of society, leading to bureaucracies which are categorized by:
Hierarchal structure, division of labor, written rules/expectations, officials hired on competence, neutral/impersonality

46
Q

*McDonaldization

A

McDonaldization refers to principles of the fast-food industry dominating other sectors of society
Similar example - privitized hospitals and patients treated as profit

47
Q

*Institutional Discrimination

A

When a social structure engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group (but in practice we crossed out choices against an individual)

48
Q

Availability

Accessibility

A

Availability - Does this resource even exist in your vicinity?
Accessibility - Do you have sufficient insurance, money, transportation, and/or social support to obtain resource (when available)

49
Q

Social condition

Favorable conditional factors

A

Social determinants of health
Favorable conditional factors improve overall quality of life (near organic supermarket, safe neighborhood, etc) vs social problems (only fast food restaurants nearby)