High Yield -> Psych/Soc: Mental Disorders and Consciousness Flashcards
Mental disorder
A set of behavioral or psychological symptoms that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress or impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning
What is the difference between biomedical vs biopsychosocial approach to mental disorders?
Biomedical: focuses on organic pathology
ex. genetics, lack of receptors, neurotransmitters
Biopsychosocial: consider organic pathology, but also looks at environmental, cultural, and social factors
ex. psychological -> learned helplessness, sociocultural -> peers, cultural expectations, SES
Anxiety (Level 1 disorder)
What gets activated?
Phobias
Panic Disorder
Generalized anxiety
Social Anxiety
Excessive fear and/or anxiety
Avoidance behaviors
Sympathetic activation in the absence of threat
Phobias -> specific fear
Panic Disorder -> panic attacks
Generalized anxiety -> excessive anxiety w/o specific cause
Social Anxiety -> fear/anxiety around social situations
Most common reported disorder, depression next
Depressive (Level 1 disorder)
Diagnosis:
Major Depressive Disorder
(Anhedonia)
ex.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Depressive Disorders: Sad, empty and/or irritable mood
Major Depressive Disorder: Not related to normal grief, fatigue/loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Impaired concentration, indecisiveness Insomnia or hypersomnia loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities (anhedonia) Restlessness or feeling slowed down Recurring thoughts of death or suicide Significant weight gain or loss
Persistent Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) -> is a less intense but typically more chronic form of depression
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder -> only in women
Bipolar (Level 1 disorder)
What is difference between these two:
- Bipolar I Disorder
- Bipolar II Disorder
*Cyclothymic Disorder
Bipolar Disorders = “Bridge” between psychotic and depressive disorders, involve episodes and oscillations (cycles) ranging from manic episodes to depressive, in which manic episodes tend to be followed by depressive episodes and vice versa
Bipolar I Disorder -> has manic proper phase (manic phase is intense) -> the patient has experienced at least 1 manic proper or mixed episode (manic and major depressive)
Bipolar II Disorder -> manic phase but not manic proper (intense) -> hypomanic (less severe) + major depressive but not manic proper or mixed)
Manic phase -> high energy, irritable mood, high self esteem, racing thoughts, quick talking, impulsive
Depressed Phase -> low, energy, low self esteem, lack of concentration, loss of interest, helplessness, suicidal thoughts
Cyclothymic Disorder
A mood disorder that causes emotional highs and lows.
The mood shifts in cyclothymia aren’t as extreme as those in people with bipolar disorders. People with cyclothymia can typically function in daily life, though it may be difficult.
Symptoms include intermittent psychological highs and lows that may become more pronounced over time.
Schizophrenia and Psychotic (Level 1 disorder)
*Schizophrenia
How is it diagnosed, What symptoms expect to see?
What is a negative symptom vs pos symptom?
Specific Diagnoses briefly mentioned on slide: Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder Schizoaffective Disorder
Think van gogh and starry night (could have been hallucination)
Schizophrenia and Psychotic disorders -> Delusions, hallucinations
Disorganized speech and thoughts
*refers to split in mental functions, or split from reality; it does not indicate a split in identity. Many people incorrectly use the term schizophrenia to mean “multiple personality disorder” (dissociative identity disorder)
Involve a general detachment from objective reality ex. remember with 3 images of a cat that gets crazier and crazier, but one person’s perceived reality could look completely different than others
May involve “negative” symptoms
(Negative symptoms -> behavior you see in healthy ppl but that are absent in ppl with this psych disorder, disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors, absence of normal patterns
Positive symptoms -> psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy people
Schizophrenia -> diagnosed when someone has been experiencing positive and sometimes negative symptoms for longer than 6 months
pos symptoms -> hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech or behavior
Neg symptoms -> avolition (loss of motivation to do things), flattened affect (decreased emotional expression, alogia = reduced speech and/or interaction
Cognitive symptoms -> poor executive functioning, trouble focusing or paying attention, problems with working memory
Diagnosis -> designated as “at risk” for developing schizophrenia
interviewed to speak for an hour on various narrative topics
Trained psychologist can predicts who will develop schiz. with 70-80% accuracy but artificial intelligence can do it with 100% accuracy up to 2 years in advance
Trauma-and-Stressor (Level 1 disorder)
What does it look like/symptoms?
ex.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute stress Disorder
Adjustment disorder
Exposure to traumatic or stressful event, exhibit wide range of symptoms ->
Unhealthy or pathological responses to one or more harmful or life-threatening events, including witnessing such an event. Subsequent symptioms include patterns of anxiety, depression, depersonalization, nightmares, insomnia, and/or a heightened startle response
The traumatic event is relived (not just remembered) and the person can feel as though the event is currently happening
Person can have hyper vigilance (extreme alertness)
Personality (Level 1 disorder)
Instead of memorizing all diseases that fit under A,B,C, Understand basic premise of A,B,C so you can logically understand what would go into each category:
(on exam 4 it asked which of the listed PDs was for cluster B, so know what the PD’s for each cluster mean and why they fit in that group rather than memorizing what’s in each cluster)
*Cluster A:
*Cluster B:
*Cluster C:
Enduring (often lifetime) patterns of inflexible behaviors across a range of settings and relationships that depart from social norms, diagnosis in adolescence or early adulthood, HIGH comorbidity
Personality disorders -> Across all this person’s situations in life, range of time
Personality disorders NOT diagnoses in children bc if tell kid he has personality disorder and here are the symptoms they may manifest it = self-fulfilling prophecy
Co-morbidity = having another condition at same time, having another illness
These peeps may also have anxiety, depression, etc
Cluster A: (odd/eccentric -> think of these as milder versions of schizophrenia): Irrational, withdrawn, cold suspicious Paranoid Personality Disorder (mistrust/misinterprets others' motives and actions) Schizoid PD(manifests as social withdrawal, loner, unaffected emotionally even by family, and flattened affect) Schizotypal PD Personality (manifests milder hallucinations and delusions, odd beliefs/behavior/appearance, paranoid thinking, no confidantes other than fam)
Cluster B: (dramatic/erratic -> Think of these as over-the-top or unstable): Emotional, Dramatic, Attention-seeking, Intense Antisocial PD(sociopathy, with no regard for right or wrong or others' rights so significant aggression to other, property destruction, serious rule violation) Borderline PD (severe abandonment anxiety and emotional turbulence, instability in impulse control/mood/image of self and others, reckless behavior, extreme mood swings) Histrionic PD (overdramatic attention seeking and emotional overreaction) Narcissistic PD (need for admiration, in love with self)
*Antisocial PD can be thought of as conduct vs emotional regulation
Cluster C: (anxious, fearful -> think of these as anxiety or OCD related): Tense, Anxious, Over-controlled
Avoidant PD (extreme shyness and fear of rejection), Dependent PD (over-dependence on others to meet needs, believes can’t take care of self)
Obessive-compulsive PD (rigid concern with order and perfectionism)
Obsessive Compulsive (Level 1 disorder)
ex.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Body dimorphic disorder
Hoarding disorder
Obsessions (thoughts or urges) and/or Compulsions (repetitive behaviors in response to an obsession or strict set of rules), involve pattern of obsessive thoughts or urges that are coupled with maladaptive behavioral compulsions; the compulsions are experienced as necessary/urgent response to the obessive thoughts/urges, creating rigid, anxiety-filled routines
Somatic Symptom (Level 1 disorder)
ex. (below not mentioned in class but mentioned in book)
Somatic Symptom disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder (imposed on self or another)
Excessive and/or medically unexplainable symptoms, commonly encountered in primary care, and cause emotional distress Mimic physical (somatic) disease but generally are not rooted in any detectable pathophysiology, most (except factitious) believe there is something physically wrong with them so... Somatic Symptom disorder -> central complaint is one or more somatic symptoms- such as chronic pain or headaches or fatigue- and diagnosis also requires evidence of diminished functioning due to excessive anxiety about the symptoms
Illness Anxiety Disorder -> concern about both illness and somatic/physical symptoms but different than Somatic Symptom disorder bc distress is primarily due to psychological distress rather than somatic symptoms
(anxious bc of idea of symptoms and health-related behaviors, not biological symptoms themselves/may not have biological symptoms)
Conversion Disorder -> experiences in changes in sensory or motor function - such as weakness, tremors, seizures, or difficulty talking- that has no discernable physical or physiological cause and that seems to be significantly affected by psychological factors) ex. person says he can’t see but nothing actually physically wrong with him, psych is making him blind
Factitious Disorder (imposed on self or another) -> has not only fabricated illness but has either falsified evidence or symptoms of illness or inflicted harm to self or others to induce injury or illness
Dissociative (Level 1 disorder)
Define Dissociative Identity Disorder = Multiple personality disorder
ex.
Dissociative Amnesia
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Dissociative Disorder -
Disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception. Abnormal integration of consciousness, identity, emotion, etc
Some of person’s thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, or behaviors are separated from conscious awareness and control, in a way that is not explainable as mere forgetfulness, they cause distress in person’s functioning
Many thought to be caused by psychological trauma
-> Can’t remember pieces of life, feel disconnected to selves, have experience but it doesn’t feel like their own
Multiple personality disorder = Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative amnesia -> forgetting some important personal info, creating gaps in memory that are usually related to severe stress or trauma, often everything that happened during that particular time period is forgotten and the disorder usually begins and ends suddenly, with full recovery of memory
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder -> when person has recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental processes, as if observing themselves from the outside, in something like an out-of-body experience. In derealization disorder, a person experiences a feeling that people or objects in the external world are unreal.
Neurocognitive (Level 2 disorder): Alzheimers Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary Tangles Parkinson's Substantia Nigra Lewy Bodies
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders (MMND)
What is anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? When is it seen?
Cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition
Cognitive abnormalities or general decline in memory, problem solving, and/or perception
In Parkinson’s, dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia die off, making it harder to control movements, abnormal aggregates of protein called Lewy bodies (protein deposits) develop inside neurons
Alzheimer’s disease: has both…
anterograde amnesia -> inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia -> more recent memories degrading first, such that last memories fade are typically they oldest
Can have build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary Tangles
Neurodevelopmental (Level 2 disorder):
- ADHD
- Autism Spectrum
Intellectual Disability
Neurodevelopmental vs Neurocognitive
Developmental deficits varying from specific learning impairments to global impairments of social skills, and/or intelligence
manifest early in development
Neurodevelopmental -> early onset
Neurocognitive disorder -> cognitive decline
Sleep-Wake (Level 2 disorder):
Define: Dyssomnia Parasomnias Insomnia, Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Somnambulism Night Terrors
Sleep-Wake Disorders -> disturbance in quality, timing, and/or amount of sleep
Dyssomnias = abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
Insomnia -> inability to fall asleep
Narcolepsy -> periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods
Sleep apnea -> intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in repeated awakening
Parasomnias = abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
Somnambulism -> sleep walking, tends to occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3), usually happens during the first third of the nights, many children experience sleep-walking and eventually “grow out of it”
Night terrors -> appearing terrified, babbling, screaming while deep asleep, usually occur during stage 3 (unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep toward morning)
Substance Related: Define -> Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Antipsychotic
Tolerance,
Dependence,
Withdrawal,
Addiction,
Psychological Dependence
Physical Dependence
Psychoactive drugs work by altering the actions at the neuronal synapse. They may enhance, suppress, or mimic the activity of neurotransmitters
Depressants -> ex. benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, opiates depresses central nervous system (especially fight or flight), effects = impaired motor control; organ failure from overdose; Depressants are a class of drug that may result in short-term memory loss.
Stimulants -> ex. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, increases availability action of neurotransmitters by increasing release of neurotransmitters, reducing reuptake, or both
Sympathetic activation; “rush” or “high” followed by crash
Hallucinogens -> ex. LSD, marijuana (THC), distorts perceptions, hallucinations (lights, colors, etc); impaired judgement; slowed reaction time
Antipsychotic -> treat hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia
Tolerance -> occurs when an individual use more a drug to achieve the desired effect
Dependence -> develops when a person needs to use a drug in order to function normally
Withdrawal -> describes the group of symptoms that occur when a person who has formed a dependence to a drug suddenly discontinues or decreases use of that drug. Withdrawal symptoms are drug-specific and dose-dependent
Addiction -> defined as compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, and an inability to stop using a drug
