Bio: Reproductive system Flashcards
Sperm need two things for max viability
really high levels of testosterone
Slightly cooler then body temp
The testes: male primary sex organ, have two jobs:
make sperm
make testosterone
_____ will become sperm and are stimulated by_____
_____ cells make testosterone and are stimulated by
spermatogonia
FSH
Leydig/interstitial cells make testosterone and are stimulated by LH
Sustentacular cells -> another name and function
Also called sertoili
Sustain sperm development, secrete nutrients, secrete ABP (androgen binding protein)
secrete inhibin -> inhibit FSH (It inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content)
Spermatogenesis:
When start and end? Describe process -> how many get after both cycles of meiosis?
After meiosis 1 get 2 secondary spermatocytes and at very end get 4 spermatids
Occurs daily from puberty to death
See diagram in packet
What is the epididymis?
What is spermeogenesis?
Urethra
Vas Deferens
Epididymis -> final place where sperm cells mature = spermeogenesis (final maturation step), coiled duct, 6 meters, secrete nutrients, giving sperm swimming ability
Urethra -> 20 cm long tube carries both urine and semen BUT not at the same time
Vas Deferens -> long muscular duct enter body cavity, connects epididymis to urethra (vasectomy -> Can disconnect and reconnect Vas deferens for sperm travel)
Why is semen basic? What is semen? What makes it?
Basicity important bc urine acidic that tube can be acidic and want to protect sperm cells so semen is basic to neutralize acidity left behind by urine so sperm cells can survive
Accessory glands make semen = nutritious (fructose), alkaline fluid
a) seminal vesicles (65% of total ejaculate volume)
b) prostate (30% total ejaculate volume)
c) Bulbourethral glands (4% total ejaculate volume, produce a highly alkaline mucus on arousal)
Sex chromosomes determine which duct system you develop
What is DHT?
What are Wolffian ducts vs Mullerian ducts?
DHT = testosterone
Wolffian ducts -> male system
Mullerian ducts -> female system
Sex chromosomes determine which duct system you develop
What is DHT?
What are Wolffian ducts vs Mullerian ducts?
How does the Wolffian system develop?
DHT = testosterone
Wolffian ducts -> male system
Mullerian ducts -> female system
In testes -> testosterone (DTH) causes secondary sex characteristics and wolffian ducts, and have mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) and get regression of mullerian ducts
The SRY gene
Bar body
The SRY gene provides instructions for making a protein called the sex-determining region Y protein. This protein is involved in male sexual development, which is usually determined by the chromosomes an individual has
Bar body = get bc one of the X chromosomes randomly deactivates
When replicate bar body -> early blastocyst
vestibule
Greater vestibular glands
Mammary glands
female system: external genitalia
Vestibule = vaginal opening and urethral opening
Greater vestibular glands secrete alkaline mucus on arousal
Greater vestibular glands secrete alkaline mucus on arousal to help sperm
Mammary glands: single physiological function to produce milk to nurse an infant
Cervix (when non-fertile vs fertile)
endometrium
myometrium
Uterine Tubes
Cervix -> opening to uterus
non-fertile (most days of month) closed and sticky, acidic mucus
fertile (only a few days of month) open, thin, watery, alkaline mucus
Uterus: pregnancy develops here
- endometrium: layer into which a fertilized egg implants
- myometrium: smooth muscle wall of uterus, retain ability to rapidly divide
Uterine tubes: connect muscle wall of uterus, fallopian tubes
path that eggs takes to reach the uterus
cilliated to sweep the egg along
fertilization here
tubal ligation here
Cilia made of microtubules in eukaryotic cells, if have mutation in alpha tubulin so microtubules may not work properly and cilia can’t sweep egg along and egg can get stuck in falopian tube = ectopic surgery and can’t have baby
Tubal ligation -> to prevent egg from reaching uterus so no baby
Ovary and Oogenesis:
What does the ovary do?
What is the oogenesis process?
The ovary: makes ova, makes estrogen and progesterone
Oogenesis:
Prenatal Stage
Oogonia then by mitosis get many more oogonia then have activation to get primary oocytes and halt at prophase
*see diagram for rest
Oogenesis does not begin at puberty like for males
Not all get activated
5-6 selected to fininish meiosis part I
Dont let secondary oocytes do meta II, halt at meta II (in order to continue must get fertilized
Only choose 1 of ⅚
Monthy -> ⅚ finish meiosis 1 and the one that looks best gets ovulated and halted at meta II and only if that single one is fertilized will it go through meiosis II
The primary oocytes exist for decades! They were only made during prenatal stage! So during menopause, destroy eggs bc you are not fit to carry baby and these are super old primary oocytes!
What are the hormones starting from hypothalamus to signal to uterus?
Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> FSH/LH -> ovary -> estrogen/progesterone -> uterus
Names phases of overian cycle
What day is important?
What is the positive and negative feedback like?
Follicular phase (Day 1-13)-> develop follicle (oocyte + some supporting cells), triggered by FSH, secretes estrogen Ovulation (DAY 14) release oocyte + some supporting cells Triggered by LH surge Luteal phase (days 15-28) Follicle remnants become the corpus luteum triggered by LH surge secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain the corpus luteum need LH
See diagram for feedback