psych 2ap3- sept 26th

Question 1

How does vigosky’s theory differ from piaget?

Answer 1

Vigosky’s theory puts a greater emphasis on the social nature of humans (role of language)

Question 2

What is the difference between how vigosky vs Piaget view private speech? (speaking to oneself)

Answer 2

vigosky: self-directed speech helps to guide behaviour
piaget: private speech is ecocentrism (person is speaking to themself only from their own perspective)

Question 3

Are those who use private speech more, more socially competent?

Answer 3

yes, it is a prediction

Question 4

what is today’s sociocultural context in terms of smartphones/social media

Answer 4

MANY children, even kids from 5-7 years using smartphones and social media

Question 5

What is the association between hyppocampal volume and SES

Answer 5

Lower SES= lower volume of hippocampus in CHILDREN

Question 6

How does lower volume of hippocampus effect intelligence?

Answer 6

It impacts visually and auditory cortex

Question 7

What are some adverse effects from being low SES that impact the hippocampus volume?

Answer 7

stress, ( prenatal stress)

Question 8

What does the hippocampus volume only being effected by low ses in childhood suggest

Answer 8

That being low SES has the greatest impact as a child

Question 9

Why does SES play a greater role during child hood?

Answer 9

During childhood, a child’s home is all they now, but as they grow up, they have many other interactions beyond their own home, allowing hippocampus development

Question 10

How is brain activity when doing something task-related measured?

Answer 10

Brain activity during task- brain activity at rest= brain activity during task

Question 11

In the a-not-b task, how was brain activity measured in the infants?

Answer 11

EEG (electroencephalogram) and measured heart rate

Question 12

What was the association of EEG/ heart activity with working memory task? (a not b task)

Answer 12

For 10 month-old baby infants, changes in EEG and heart activity correlated with the working memory task

Question 13

Why wasn’t this measured in the 5-month old infants?

Answer 13

5-month old babies do not have object permanence

Question 14

What can we learn by studying these activation patterns from the working task experiment?

Answer 14

We can determine individual differences between babies and also determine how the brain becomes more specialized with age

Question 15

In 10-month olds, what electrodes (brain areas) predicted performance?

Answer 15

Medial frontal and lateral frontal electrodes

Question 16

In older children, what waves are activated by prolonged cognitive engagement? (predicting colour/imitating task)

Answer 16

Theta waves

Question 17

If the task is more difficult for 4 year olds, what parts of the brain are activated?

Answer 17

Left, front-temporal brain area

Question 18

What is visual adaptation?

Answer 18

Brain tries to adapt to a sudden new change, sometimes if there is a sudden different change, it may not adapt properly and people may see previous image (eg: way lines and straight line)

Question 19

Why is it with adulthood, our brain is better at adapting?

Answer 19

Because with adulthood, we have better object permanence (ability to understand different viewpoint of an object) so our brain doesn’t really need to adapt

Question 20

What is the pattern of brain adaption with age?

Answer 20

With increasing age, there is stronger adaption to the same object despite changes in viewpoint

Question 21

Role of lateral occipital cortex?

Answer 21

Object permanence (ability to understand different viewpoints)

Question 22

What do we call it when the brain is at rest?

Answer 22

Default mode network

Question 23

Wet parts of the brain are activated during the default mode network?

Answer 23

Many areas: including the frontal, posterior midline and inferior parietal areas

Question 24

Since so many areas work together/are activated at the same time, what could this suggest?

Answer 24

That humans have superior intelligence because so many of our brain parts work together

Question 25

Why is resting baseline kind of problematic?

Answer 25

Because “resting baseline” is different for everyone. Some children may still be thinking while being told to stay at rest, so when we subtract the resting baseline I experiments, we are subtracting important cognitive activity in the children

Question 26

What is the pattern between default mode network and age?

Answer 26

With age, default mode network improves, different areas of the brain work better together